Transcript What is Science?

What is Science?
Defining Science:
 Science: knowledge gained from the
careful, systematic investigation of the
natural world
 Life Science: the knowledge gained
when scientific investigation is applied
to living things in the natural world.
Thinking Scientifically:
 NOT ALL THINKING IS SCIENTIFIC!!!
 To be scientific thinking, it must have
these characteristics:
 Curiosity
 Caution
 Commitment to certain
presuppositions
Terms to Know:
 Observation – info gained from using
one or more of the five senses
 Inference – a logical conclusion
 Universal Negative – a statement that
excludes everything
 Value judgment – determination of the
worth of something
Terms to Know:
 Final answer – an answer that is absolutely true
and never needs to be rejected
 Scientism – those who believe that science is
the only way to learn about the world
 Worldview – a perspective from which a person
interprets life
 Presupposition – an idea that a person takes for
granted without having convincing proof
 Christian worldview – belief that the Bible is the
word of God and only reliable thing in the world
(most important)
Main Teachings of a Christian
Worldview:
 Creation – God has created
everything
 Fall – man has fallen into a tragic
state because of sin
 God is working to redeem the world to
himself
Why study
Life Science?
God made living things for HIS glory!
 Romans 11:36
 Life science…
 demonstrate God’s greatness more
clearly
 Strengthens appreciation for God’s
goodness
 Shows the Truth of God’s loving
care in action
Dominion Mandate:
 “Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish
the earth, and subdue it: and have
dominion over the fish of the seas,
and over the fowl of the air, and over
every living thing that moveth upon
the earth” Genesis 1:28
 Mankind has a responsibility to govern
God’s creation
Dominion Mandate:
 Life Science is important to the work
of the Dominion Mandate
 This command however, does not
give us permission to abuse what God
has made
Living things are cursed because of
SIN
 There are physical and mental effects
of the fall
 Life is filled with painful struggle
 Wrong thinking…
God is redeeming this world to
Himself
 Relieving human suffering
 Proclaiming the Gospel
 Its time to reclaim Life Science for
God’s Glory
What do scientists
do?
So how do you DO science?
 Review: What is science?
 Scientific Method: an organized way
of arriving at a workable solution
 In reality – scientist do science in
many ways!
One process followed in science…
 Establish the problem
 Form a hypothesis
 Test the hypothesis
 Classify and analyze data
 Choose and verify the answer
 Predict outcomes
In order to solve problems – must fall
within limitations of science:
 Observable
 Measurable
 Repeatable
Hypothesis – “an educated guess”
- It helps you in designing an experiment
or survey
- Key Terms:
- Data
- Survey
- Experiment
- Experimental variable
- Experimental group
- Control group
Classify the data --- what does it all
mean?
Choose an answer! (must be verified)
Predict outcomes!
Why Classify?
Benefits to classifying living things
 Classify – means to arrange things into
groups
 Think about the shoes…
 Good classification helps by:
 Learning about characteristics of
individuals and whole group
(generalization)
 Makes it easier to organize and find
information about specific organisms
Benefits to classifying living things
 Classification today is based on
physical characteristics
 The modern classification system
(Carolus Linnaeus)
 Seven basic levels from largest to
smallest
 Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species
Scientific Names
Why scientific names?
 Each scientific name given to one
organism
 Two-name system
 First name – Genus
 Second name – species
 Genus names capitalized, species –
not
 Both italicized
Why scientific names?
 Scientific name usually latinized
 The first person to publish a
description is usually the one to give
its scientific name
 Note:
Genesis 2:19 – God directs
Adam to name organisms…
Problems of Classification
 Because we are human, mistakes can
be made!
 Uncertainty in classifying
 lack of clear definition or
understanding of what is what!
 False conclusions
 Get the term “related”
misunderstood, assuming it means
“common ancestor”
Problems of Classification
 Species and Biblical kinds
 Gen 1:11, 24 – God commands all
things to reproduce after “their kind”
Complete Section Review 2B and 2C
 Then begin to work on and complete
Ideas 2B, C, D, E
3A – Living Organisms
What is Life?
 Organism – a complete living thing
 Organisms…
 Have life spans
 Can reproduce
 Grow
What is Life?
 Organisms…
 Are made of cells
 Cell – tiny unit of living material
surrounded by a thin membrane
 Made mostly of water and contain organic
compounds
 Unicellular vs. multicellular
 Tissue – a group of similar cells working
together
 Colonial organisms – organisms made of
many cells that usually live together BUT
could live by themselves!
What is Life?
 Organisms…
 Require energy
 Energy – the ability to do work
 Movement requires energy
 Respond to their environment
 Requires energy to respond to
conditions
What is Life?
 Organisms also have a Physical Life and
Spiritual Life
 Physical life is part of God’s creative
process
 A complex organization of nonliving
substances that is kept alive by using
energy and has characteristics of living
things
 Life is a condition of being alive (through
our understanding of who God is and
what He has done!)
What is Life?
 Spiritual Life
 God often describes spiritual life by
comparing it to the physical life
Warm-up
 Open up your interactive notebook to the
next two pages.
 Title the top of the LEFT page “Bacteria
what?” reflection and the date
 Title the top of the RIGHT page
“Kingdoms Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria” and date
 Answer the following question on the
LEFT page:
 What are bacteria? Why are they
important?
11A – Kingdoms
Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
The two Bacteria Kingdom
 Archaebacteria – make up the smaller
kingdom
 Have cell walls that lack special
compounds found only in the walls of
eubacteria
 More likely to be found in extreme
environments (springs, salty lakes,
sewage, and the intestines of some
animals)
The two Bacteria Kingdom
 Eubacteria – contain more familiar
organisms
 Responsible for decomposing most
organic matter
 Kingdom also contains disease-causing
organisms
 Examples: cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae)
Rapid growth rates
 Tiny organisms whose average length is
about 1 micrometer
 With proper conditions – can grow and
reproduce every twenty minutes!
 A large group of bacteria can be seen
without the aid of a microscope
 To grow rapidly, bacteria need:
 Food
 Oxygen
 Space
Rapid growth rates
 Many die due to lack of oxygen or food, or
due to the build up of wastes as a result
of overcrowding
The Body Structure of Bacteria
 Three basic shapes: (draw the shapes in
your interactive notebook)
 Spherical - Coccus
 Spiral - Spirillum
 Rod-shaped – bacillus
 They may appear as individuals or as a
group living together
 Staph – bacteria arranged in a cluster
 Strep – arranged in end to end long chains
 Thus Streptococcus (Strep throat) - chains of
spherical bacteria
The Body Structure of Bacteria
 Some bacteria can move!
 Flagellum – a long thread-like structure that
spins like a propeller
 Others reproduce asexually by binary fission
 Importance of Bacteria –
 They can make us sick (plague, leprosy,
strep throat, food poisoning)
 BUT they are actually more helpful than
harmful!
 Decomposers, food (yogurt, pickles,
cheese), and antibiotics and other
chemicals!
Warm-up
 Open up your interactive notebook to the next
two pages.
 Title the top of the LEFT page “Protists what?”
reflection and the date (8/31/10)
 Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom
Protista” and date (8/31/10)
 Fill out the self evaluation sheet on your desk
about how you participated in your group project.
 Go ahead and finish Ideas 11A and section
review 11A – you have 15 minutes to finish and
then we will grade it!
 THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENT!
11B – Kingdom Protista
Protists
 A very diverse kingdom
 They can move, reproduce, get food
 All have nuclei and are unicellular
 Two groups:
 Protozoa (animal-like)
 Can move themselves and capture prey
 Example: Paramecium and amoeba
 Algae (plant-like)
 Perform photosynthesis
 Unable to move themselves
 Example: Spirogyra
Protists
 Euglena – characteristics of both – can
move AND perform photosynthesis
 Structure and movement
 Unicellular – if can live by itself
 Multicellular – cannot live alone
 Colony – a group of unicellular protists
living together, but can live alone
Protists
 Three ways protists move
 Flagella – whiplike hairs (Euglena)
 Cilia – small hairlike projections
(Paramecium)
 Pseudopodia – forming a bulge; “false
foot” (Amoeba)
 Look at handout on Protists
 Nutrition
 Eat other protists, bacteria, debris, or
use energy to make their own food
Protists
 Paramecium – oral groove
 Euglena – photosynthesis
 Food vacuoles
 Importance of Protists
 Involvement in ocean’s plankton
 Some scientists estimate that 90% of all
food energy in the ocean originated from
protists with chloroplasts
 Diseases and harmful events caused by
protists:
 Malaria
 African sleeping sickness
 Red tide
Protists
 Reproduction in Protists
 Asexually by mitotic cell division
 Fragmentation – of colonies
 Conjugation
 Cell division
Warm-up
 Open up your interactive notebook to
the next two pages.
 Title the top of the LEFT page “Fungi
what?” reflection and the date (9/2/10)
 Title the top of the RIGHT page
“Kingdom Fungi” and date (9/2/10)
Warm-up
 On the “Fungi What?” page (Left) you
will observe various mushrooms and
you will
 Write down and describe what you
see.
 Draw what you see.
11C – Kingdom Fungi
Structural Characteristics of Fungi
 Two common types of fungi – black
bread mold and the edible mushroom
 Hyphae – long filaments of fungal
cells
 Black bread mold – example of
filamentous hyphae
 Stalk of mushroom – example of
hyphae grouped together
Structural Characteristics of Fungi
 All fungi produce spores
 Spores are involved in reproduction
and survive through unfavorable
growth conditions
 Black Bread mold has 3 types of
hyphae:
 Rootlike (rhizoids)
 Spreading (stolons)
 Spore-bearing (sporangia)
Structural Characteristics of Fungi
 The main parts of the edible
mushroom:
 Stalk
 Cap
 Gills
 Mycelia – densely packed hyphae
 Label the diagram in your handouts
 YOU WILL NEED TO BE ABLE TO
LABEL THIS ON YOUR TEST!!
Warm-up
 FINISH LABELING YOUR
MUSHROOM AND BLACK MOLD
DIAGRAM!
Obtaining Energy
 Fungi DO NOT have chloroplasts
 They get energy from material around
them
 They secrete digestive enzymes into
the area around them
 Saprophyte – if the food is already
dead before the fungus absorbs it
 Parasite – if the food is alive before
absorbing
Obtaining Energy
 Lichen – Fungi living together with
algae
 Symbiotic – When both species
benefit from each other from living
together
 Mycorrhizae – Fungi living in
symbiotic association with the roots of
plants
Ecological and Economical
Importance
 Important members of the natural
environment
 Many industries are based on fungi
and their by-products
 Fungi and bacteria are the main
decomposers in the world
 They also interact with plants in
beneficial and harmful ways
 Blue cheese, yeast, Penicillin