Transcript Five-Kingdom Survey

Five-Kingdom Survey
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Taxonomy
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Categories called taxa (singular = taxon)
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Five-Kingdom Survey
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King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Gina's
Spaghetti
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Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Green
Sand
Five-Kingdom Survey
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Examples:
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Canis familiaris = domesticated dog
Canis lupis = wolf
Canis latrans = coyote
Classification based on phylogeny or evolutionary
relationships.
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Knowing the characteristics that define organisms within a
taxon, you can determine evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
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Systematics- study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
Five-Kingdom Survey
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Five kingdoms (six)
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Kingdom Monera
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five-Kingdom Survey
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Kingdom Monera
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Prokaryotes
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Lack nuclei
No membrane-bound organelles
Single circular DNA molecule
Plasmids
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Cell wall
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Small circular DNA molecules
Peptidoglycan
Small in size compared to eukaryotes
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
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Organized by their mode of nutrition
(metabolize resources)
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Autotrophs- manufacture their own organic
compounds.
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Photoautotrophs- use light energy (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs- use energy obtained from inorganic
substances (chemosynthesis)
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Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrous oxide
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
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Organized by their mode of nutrition
(metabolize resources)
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Heterotrophs- obtain their energy by consuming
organic substances produced by autotrophs.
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Some heterotrophic bacteria are parasites- obtain their
energy from the living tissues of a host.
Saprophytes (decomposers)- obtain their energy from
dead, decaying matter.
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
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Another important feature in describing
prokaryotes is their ability to survive in the
presence or absence of oxygen
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Obligate aerobes- must have oxygen to live
Obligate anaerobes- can only survive in the
absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobe- grows in the presence of
oxygen but, can switch to an anaerobic metabolism
when oxygen is absent.
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria (“true” bacteria)
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Characteristics
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Prokaryotes, Unicellular, Microscopic
Cell walls general composed of peptidoglycan
Ability to produce endospores
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Motility
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Flagella, gliding, or corkscrew motion
Classified into three shapes
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Resistant bodies that contain the genetic material and a small
amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall.
Cocci (sherical), Bacilli (rod shape), Spirilla (spirals)
Two broad groups of bacteria
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Gram positive
Gram negative
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria (“true” bacteria)
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Ecological role
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Most are decomposers
Some parasitic and pathogenic
Some chemosynthetic autotrophs
Some photosynthetic
Important in recycling nitrogen and other elements
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
Archaeabacteria
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Characteristics
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Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Microscopic
Ribosomes are more
similar to ribosomes of
eukaryotes than to those
of eubacteria.
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Cont’
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Peptidoglycan absent in
cell walls.
Plasma membranes
contain lipids that differ
from other organisms.
Differ biochemically from
eubacteria.
Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera
Archaeabacteria
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Ecological role
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Methanogens
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Anaerobic
Heterotrophic bacteria that produce methane, CH4
Inhabit sewage, swamps, and animal digestive tracts.
Extreme halophiles (“salt lovers”)
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inhabit salty environments.
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Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea
Most are aerobic and heterotrophic, while others are anaerobic
and photosynthetic.
Extreme thermophiles (“heat and acid lovers”)
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inhabit hot, sometimes acidic environments.
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60 to 80 C and pH 2 to 4
Found in mineral springs, thermal volcanic vents on ocean floor