Transcript Slide 1

Unit 9: Classification
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Introduction
• Classification
– is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups
based on their similarities.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Taxonomy
• Scientists classify the diverse
number of organisms on the
planet in order to learn and study
from them.
• Taxonomy is the field of biology
that identifies (gives organisms a
name) and classifies organisms
based on shared characteristics.
• Carolus Linnaeus
– Swedish biologist who in the
mid-1700’s developed the
biological system of
classification with 7 taxonomic
levels
• (kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, & species).
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Binomial Nomenclature
• Genus species
– in Latin
• They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it
is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the
word are not likely to change.
– italics.
– Genus name is written first and is capitalized.
– Species name is written second and is NOT
capitalized.
• Correctly written scientific names
– Homo sapien sapiens (modern man)
– Felis domesticus (common housecat)
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Purpose for Classification
1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by
common name differences.
– EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all
common names for….
– Cambarus bartoni
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Purpose for Classification
2. Classification organizes large amounts of
information into manageable levels.
3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary
relationships between organisms.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Modern Levels of Classification
• Domain is the most recently added 8th
taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive
than a kingdom.
• Video
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Levels of Classification
• Kingdom is the
second level. (EX
Plants or Animals)
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg
• These organisms have similar characteristics such
as: cell structure, level of specialization and method
of obtaining nutrients.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Levels of Classification
• Species is the LAST, most specific unit of
classification where members can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Dichotomous Key
• special guides to help identify organisms.
• consists of several pairs of descriptive statements
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Review of Ecology - Energy
Flow
• All life depends on
energy in order to
function and
survive.
• The cells in your
body are constantly
using energy.
• The source of all
energy on Earth is
the sun.
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/podsunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Ian Lloyd
Producers/Autotrophs
• Organisms that capture
energy from sunlight are
called autotrophs (they
automatically make their
own food)
– EX plants & bacteria
• All other organisms
somehow depend on the
producers for food.
Producers
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Consumers/Heterotrophs
• Organisms that have to eat are
• Types:
– Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee)
– Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks)
– Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and
animals (humans, bears)
– Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants &
animals
– Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic
matter (bacteria, fungi)
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Feeding Relationships
Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy.
A producer always starts a food chain.
Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to
the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Feeding Relationships
• Food webs are
the
interconnected
food chains in a
community.
• They usually
show more
detailed
relationships.
• Snakes eat how
many types of
organisms?
(Follow
Arrows)
• Many organisms in a food chain can
eat more than one type of food.
• Many organisms are also food
source for more than one organism.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Energy (Ecological) Pyramids
• show how energy
moves through an
ecosystem.
• Producers are always
at bottom (closest to
the sun with the most
energy).
• Animals gain only a
partial amount of
energy from the food
they eat (10%)
• 90% is given off as
heat.
http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Kingdom Monera
• Under Domains Bacteria and
Archaea
• Prokaryotes
– no nucleus
– No membrane organelles
• Unicellular
• DNA in a plasmid (circular loop)
• Three shapes: rod, speherical,
spiral
• Reproduction = binary fission
• Phyla
– Cyanobacteria
– Archaebacteria
– Eubacteria (E. coli)
– Prochorobacteria
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
(no nucleus!)
• The microscopic
bacteria live in the soil,
in water, and in and on
the human body!
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png
• Some bacteria is used to convert milk to
yogurt and another causes pneumonia.
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Archaebacteria
• Ancient unicellular
prokaryotes
• autotrophs
• live in very extreme
environments (hot
volcanic springs,
black organic mud,
etc)
• some can only
survive in the
absence of oxygen!
• This Yellowstone
spring is 194°F!
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Kingdom Protista
•
Single and Multicellular
Eukaryotes (nucleus &
organelles)
• Some autotrophs and some
heterotrophs
• Phyla
– Rhizopoda (amoeba)
– Actinopoda (protozoan)
– Foraminifera (plankton)
– Apicomplexa (plasmodium)
– Ciliophora (paramecium)
– Zoomastigophora (flagellate)
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Kingdom Fungi
• Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
• cell walls of chitin
• Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use
photosynthesis to create food!
• Phyla
– Chytridiomycota
– Zygomycota (black bread mold)
– Ascomycota (yeast, molds)
– Basidiomycota (mushrooms)
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Kingdom Plantae
• Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell
walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the
green color!).
• Non-motile (do not move)
• Phyla
– Anthophyta (flowering plants)
– Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants)
– Pteridophyta (ferns)
– Bryophyta (moss)
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg
Kingdom Animalia
•
•
•
The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs.
At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls.
Phyla
– Annelida (earthworms)
– Nematoda (roundworms)
– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
– Porifera (sponges)
– Chordata
–
–
–
–
•
•
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays)
Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon)
•
•
•
Aves (birds)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Mammalia
•
•
•
Class Gastropoda (snails)
Class Bivalva (clams, oysters)
Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
•
•
•
Class Insecta
Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish)
Class Arachnida (spiders)
•
•
•
Class Asteroidea (sea stars)
Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar)
Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
•
•
Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones)
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Cnidaria
Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg