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Domestication of the dog
and . . .
From: The Ultimate Dog Book
. . . cat
Objectives
Discuss the origin and development of
domestic dogs and cats
Taxonomy of the dog and cat
Archeological evidence
Recent DNA based evidence
Origin of Carnivores
Miacids (Miacidae family)
62 million years ago
Small, tree-dwelling
Plantigrade
Carnassial teeth
Miacids
viverines (cats)
miacines (dogs)
Traditional Taxonomy of the
Dog and Cat
Phylum – Animalia
Class – Mammalia
Order – Carnivora
Suborder – Fissipedia
Families – Canidae
Genus – Canis
Species –
Families
Canis familiaris
– Felidae
Genus – Felis
Species –
Felis catus
Taxonomy
Systematized 0rganization of Life
In a state of flux
Criteria used to determine groupings:
physical/skeletal similarities
ability to intermate - produce
fertile offspring
similarity of chromosomes
gene homology
Terminology
Wild
Tame
Opportunist
Domestic
Feral
Major Questions on the Origin of
Domestic Species
•
•
•
•
Where were they domesticated
When, i.e. how long ago
What species were they domesticated from
Did it happen separately in multiple places
and at different times?
• Multiple species?
• One species, with multiple admixtures of
the founding species?
Origin of the Cat
Are first to be covered
But were they the first animal to be
domesticated?
miacids
viverines & miacines – 30 mya
large prehistoric cats (Smilodon)
dinictis – a small cat
modern cat
Taxonomy of the Cat
Phylum – Animalia
Class – Mammalia
Order – Carnivora
Family – Felidae
Genus – Felis
Species – catus
Origin of the Cat
Big versus Small Cats – 36 species
Felis – small cats; 13 genera
Lynx – (obsolete?)
Pantera – large cats; 4 genera
Acinonyx – cheetah; 1 genus
Origin of the Cat
Domestic cat and some relatives:
Common name
Chromosome number
Domestic cat
38
Tiger
38
Cheetah
38
Ocelot &
Geoffrey’s
Cat
36
Origin of the Cat
Fewer physical changes than many
domesticated animals
High homology
Most cats - 19 pairs of chromosomes
Striped
Greater variety in eye color than
dogs
yellow, green, gold, & blue
CITES
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species
http://www.cites.org
regulates international trade of
selected species
~5000 animal species
~25000 plant species
http://news
Origin of the Domestic Cat
9500 ya – Cyprus
4500 BC – Egypt
utilitarian – mouser
spiritual – diety
Origin of the Domestic Cat
African Wildcat – Felis silvestris lybica
Africa, slight build and stripes
European Wildcat – Felis silvestris
silvestris
Scotland to SE Russia, stocky, distinct
stripes
Were cats domesticated in Egypt or
also possibly in the Orient as well?
Very recent molecular genetic data
Domestic cat – Felis catus - worldwide
Ancestors of
Domestic Cats
European
Wildcat
African
Wildcat
Ancestors of
Domestic Cats
European
Wildcat
Domestic
Cat
African
Wildcat
History of Domestic Cats
Cat goddess worshipped in
ancient Egypt - Bastet approx. 4,500 yr. ago
Cat mummies found especially in area of Bubastis
in Nile Delta
Domestic cats likely moved
to Italy and other parts of
Europe as a result of trade
History of Domestic Cats
French astronomer
Lalende put a cat
constellation
in the sky.
(It looks like a nutria to me.)
Nutrias
Origin of the Dog
Origin of domestic dogs - fox, wolf,
coyote?
Criteria used to determine origin:
physical/skeletal similarities
ability to intermate - produce
fertile offspring
similarity of chromosomes
gene homology
Origin of the Dog
Members of the Canidae family:
Ch r o m o s o m e
Co m m o n n a m e
no .
Ar c t i c f o x
48
Co y o t e
78
Di n g o
78
Do m e s t i c d o g
78
Gr e y f o x
66
Re d wo l f
78
Wo l f
78
Australian dingo
Origin of the Domestic Dog
Recent thinking was - dog, jackel,
dingo all developed from the wolf :
structurally similar
all of these will intermate producing fertile offspring
same chromosome number
karyotyping shows complete
similarity of chromosomes
Origin of the Domestic Dog
Wolf => Dog
natural genetic variability
natural selection - disposition
artificial selection and breeding
disposition
appearance
function
Origin of the Domestic Dog
Wolf – Canis lupus
European wolf – Canis lupus lupus
Alaskan timber wolf – Canis lupus
pambasileus
Red wolf – Canis (lupus?) rufus
Domestic dog – Canis lupus
familiaris
Conclusions
• Canis familiaris was domesticated from the
wolf ~ 15,000 ya
• Domestication occurred in east Asia
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
•
Dingos derived from domestic dogs
Came to Australia 5000 ya
Possibly a one time occurrence
Have been a distinct population since
Are dingos domestic or feral?
What breed of dog is seen in this picture?
Answer
•Large Munsterlander