Transcript classification Bio 111 - holyoke

Diversity of Life:
Biological
Classification
Biology 111
By: Lisa Holyoke Walsh
BioEdOnline
Online
BioEd
Why Do We Classify Organisms?
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Biologists group organisms to represent
similarities and proposed relationships.
Classification systems change with
expanding knowledge about new and
well-known organisms.
Tacitus bellus
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Classification
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Hierarchical Classification
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Two part name (Genus, species)
Seven Taxonomic Categories
Systematics
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Study of the evolution of biological diversity
Leucaena leucocephala
Lead tree
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Carolus von Linnaeus
Two-word naming system
 Genus
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Noun, Capitalized,
Underlined or Italicized
Species
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Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized
Carolus von Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Examples: Quercus rubra (red oak)
Panthera pardus (leopard), or Homo sapiens (human)
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Swedish scientist who laid
the foundation for modern
taxonomy
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Hierarchical Classification
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Taxonomic categories
 Kingdom
King
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Phylum
Class
Order
Philip
Came
Over
Family
Genus
Species
For
Green
Soup
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Linneaus’s Classification System:
Human
Cougar
Tiger
Pintail
Duck
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum/Div
ision
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Aves
Order
Primate
Carnivora
Carnivora
Anseriform
es
Family
Homindae
Felidae
Felidae
Anatidae
Genus
Homo
Felis
Panthera
Anas
Species
sapiens
concolor
tigris
acuta
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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
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Protista
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Systematics:
Evolutionary Classification of Organisms
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Systematics/Phylogeny is the study of the evolution of biological
diversity, and combines data from the following areas.
 Fossil record
 Comparative homologies (ex: forelimbs of different groups of
vertebrates: whale, alligator, penguin and human…same in
embryological development)
 Cladistics
 Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms
 Molecular clocks
(http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE1cMolecul
arclocks.shtml)
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Taxonomic Diagrams
Cladogram
Phylogenic Tree
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Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms
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Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary classification
Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting
descriptions.
After each description, the key directs the user to
another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism.
Example:
1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2
b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3
2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4
b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5
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Work Time…these go in your lab duotangs!!
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1. Activity on Classifying Living things
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2. Classifying Primates
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3. Classifying Sharks
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