Transcript Human anatomy - Underground Notes

Human Body
Systems
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Levels of Organization in the Body
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Cells
Tissues
 Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organs
 Examples include stomach, liver, heart
Organ Systems
 Examples include digestive and circulatory systems
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Tissues in the Human Body
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Epithelial
 Covering or lining tissue
Connective
 Joins, stores and supports
Blood
Muscle
 Internal and external movement
Nerve
 Conducts electrical signals
Muscle
Nerve
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Human Organ Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Excretory
Reproductive
Nervous
Endocrine
Integumentary
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Human Skeletal System
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Functions
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Framework and support
Protection
Storage
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Axial and appendicular skeleton
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Bone structure
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Joints and ligaments
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Human Skeleton Diagram
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
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Compact Bone Tissue
Haversian system
Blood vessels
Osteocyte
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Human Muscular System
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Functions
 Movement
 Warmth
 Posture
Muscle Properties
 Ability to contract
 Ability to be stretched
 Ability to respond to a stimulus
Muscle Types
 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac
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Human Muscular System Diagram
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
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Three Types of Human Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
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Human Circulatory System
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Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and
hormones and also distributes heat
Structures of circulatory system
 Heart
 Vessels
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Blood
Lymphatic system
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
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Diagram of Human Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Anterior
view
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Human Immune System
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Nonspecific defense responses
 Skin and mucous membranes
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Inflammatory response
Temperature
Proteins
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White blood cells
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Specific immune responses
 Humoral immunity
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Disease Prevention in Humans
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Identifying Pathogens - Koch’s Postulates
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Vaccination - Edward Jenner
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Disorders
 Allergies
 Autoimmune disease
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Human Respiratory System
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Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and
the environment
Respiratory structures include the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
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Mechanics of Breathing
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Respiratory Diseases
Exhalation
Inhalation
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Human Respiratory System Diagram
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Bronchus
Alveoli
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Human Digestive System
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Digestion is the breakdown of nutrients to a level that
can be used by cells of the body.
Structures
 GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine)
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Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas)
Nutrition
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Human Digestive System Diagram
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Villi
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Human Excretory System
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Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the
body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, carbon
dioxide and salts.
Excretory Organs
 Skin
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Lungs
Kidneys
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Human Urinary System Diagram
Nephron
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
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Human Reproductive System
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Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
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Fertilization – produce zygote
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Male Reproductive System
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Testes
Epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle,
prostate gland, Cowper’s gland
Female Reproductive System
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Ovary
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Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
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Human Male Reproductive System
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Seminal vesicle
Epididymus
Penis
Testis
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Human Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Anterior View
Sagittal
View
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina
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Human Endocrine System
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The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that
produce hormones.
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Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary,
testes
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through
the blood stream and affect activities throughout the
body.
 Steroid hormones
 Nonsteroid hormones
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Human Endocrine System Diagram
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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Human Nervous System
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Controls and coordinates functions throughout the
body
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses
throughout the body.
Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic
Autonomic
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Human Neuron Diagram
Dendrite
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
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Diagram of Human Brain
Cerebrum
Corpus
callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
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Human Integumentary System
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Consists of the skin, hair, and nails
Skin
 Epidermis
 Dermis
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Subcutaneous tissue
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Hair and nails
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Homeostasis:
Regulating the Internal Environment
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A controlled, stable internal environment
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Gains and losses must balance
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Control systems
 Receptor, control center, effector
 Feedback loops
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Negative feedback
Positive feedback
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Thank You
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This concludes a brief review of the human body
systems.
You may find additional information on this section of
Domain IV, The Diversity of Life, in the expanded
content talks, and in the notes attached to each slide in
the library.
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