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Human Body Systems BioEd Online Levels of Organization in the Body Cells Tissues Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organs Examples include stomach, liver, heart Organ Systems Examples include digestive and circulatory systems BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Tissues in the Human Body Epithelial Covering or lining tissue Connective Joins, stores and supports Blood Muscle Internal and external movement Nerve Conducts electrical signals Muscle Nerve BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Organ Systems Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Immune Respiratory Digestive Excretory Reproductive Nervous Endocrine Integumentary BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Skeletal System Functions Framework and support Protection Storage Axial and appendicular skeleton Bone structure Joints and ligaments BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Skeleton Diagram Skull Scapula Humerus Ulna Clavicle Sternum Ribs Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Compact Bone Tissue Haversian system Blood vessels Osteocyte BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Muscular System Functions Movement Warmth Posture Muscle Properties Ability to contract Ability to be stretched Ability to respond to a stimulus Muscle Types Skeletal Smooth Cardiac BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Muscular System Diagram Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Gastrocnemius BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Three Types of Human Muscle Tissue Skeletal Smooth Cardiac BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Skeletal Muscle Contraction Myosin Actin Sarcomere BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Circulatory System Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and also distributes heat Structures of circulatory system Heart Vessels Blood Lymphatic system Erythrocytes White blood cells BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Diagram of Human Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Left atrium Right atrium Mitral Valve Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Anterior view BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Immune System Nonspecific defense responses Skin and mucous membranes Inflammatory response Temperature Proteins White blood cells Specific immune responses Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Disease Prevention in Humans Identifying Pathogens - Koch’s Postulates Vaccination - Edward Jenner Disorders Allergies Autoimmune disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Respiratory System Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the environment Respiratory structures include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli Mechanics of Breathing Respiratory Diseases Exhalation Inhalation BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Respiratory System Diagram Nasal Passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchioles Bronchus Alveoli BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Digestive System Digestion is the breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be used by cells of the body. Structures GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas) Nutrition BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Digestive System Diagram Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Liver Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Villi BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Excretory System Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, carbon dioxide and salts. Excretory Organs Skin Lungs Kidneys BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Urinary System Diagram Nephron Kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Reproductive System Produces gametes (eggs and sperm) Fertilization – produce zygote Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland Female Reproductive System Ovary Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Male Reproductive System Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra Seminal vesicle Epididymus Penis Testis BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Female Reproductive System Fallopian tube Uterus Urinary bladder Vagina Anterior View Sagittal View Fallopian tube Uterus Ovary Vagina BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that produce hormones. Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream and affect activities throughout the body. Steroid hormones Nonsteroid hormones BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Endocrine System Diagram Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Thymus Adrenal gland Thyroid and Parathyroid glands Pancreas Ovary Testis BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Nervous System Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses throughout the body. Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Autonomic BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Neuron Diagram Dendrite Cell body Myelin sheath Axon Node of Ranvier Axon terminals BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Diagram of Human Brain Cerebrum Corpus callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Human Integumentary System Consists of the skin, hair, and nails Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Hair and nails BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Homeostasis: Regulating the Internal Environment A controlled, stable internal environment Gains and losses must balance Control systems Receptor, control center, effector Feedback loops Negative feedback Positive feedback BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org