Transcript History of Biotechnology

HISTORICAL EXPERIMENTAL
EVENTS
IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Revised June 2010
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• DEVELOPED THE MICROSCOPE
AND OBSERVED MICROOGANISMS
1670s
Gregor Mendel
• FORMULATED BASIC
LAWS OF HEREDITY
THROUGH
EXPERIMENTS
WITH PLANTS
1866
JOHAN FRIEDRICK MIESCHER
• ISOLATED DNA FROM
NUCLEI OF A
WHITE BLOOD CELL
1869
ROBERT KOCK
• PROVED MICROORGANISMS
CAUSE DISEASE
1893
THOMAS MORGAN
• PROVED GENES
ARE CARRIED ON
CHROMOSOMES
PHRASE
“BIOTECHNOLOGY”
WAS COINED
1910
ROUS
• DISCOVERED
1ST CANCER-CAUSING
VIRUS - 1911
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN
• RESEARCH CONTRIBUTED
TO KNOWLEDGE OF
X & Y CHROMOSOMES
EARLY 1900 s
ALEXANDER FLEMING
• DISCOVERED PENICILLIN
1928
ERNST RUSKA
• BUILT
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
ST
1
1932
Rosalind Franklin
• EARLY X-RAY
PHOTOGRAPHS
REVEALED A
DOUBLE HELIX
STRUCTURE
JAMES WATSON
&
FRANCIS CRICK
COLLABORATIVE
RESEARCH
ON DNA STRUCTURE -1953
(DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE)
ARTHUR KORNBERG
• DISCOVERED DNA
POLYMERASE & A METHOD
OF DNA REPLICATION
1956
PAUL BERG
• USED
RESTRICTION
ENZYMES TO
CUT & PASTE
SECTIONS OF
DNA
1972
COHEN & BOYER
• 1ST SUCCESSFUL RECOMBINANT DNA
EXPERIMENT WITH BACTERIAL
GENES - 1973
• “GENETIC ENGINEERING” EVOLVED
• 1973 – 1ST PATEND FOR GENE
CLONING
ROBERT SWANSON
• STARTED GENETECH COMPANY
• GENETICALLY ENGINEERED
INSULIN, “HUMULIN” WAS
PRODUCED - 1978
BIOGEN
• PRODUCED INTRFERON
THROUGH RECOMBINANT
DNA - 1980
BARBARA McCLINTOCK
• STUDIED GENETICS OF CORN
• AWARED NOBEL PRIZE 1983
BISHOP & VARMUS
• RESEARCHED &
IDENTIFIED
ONCOGENES
(1982 – 1989)
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
1988
• MASSIVE EFFORT TO MAP &
SEQUENCE THE COMPLETE
HUMAN GENETIC
CODE
AMGEN - 1991
• DEVELOPS NEUPOGEN
• USE TO TREAT LOW
WHITE BLOOD CELL
COUNT DURING
CHEMOTHERAPY
GENETICS INSTITUTE -
1992
• DEVELOPED 1ST GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED BLOOD CLOTTING
FACTOR
FDA - 1993
• DECLARES GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED FOOD SAFE
AND DOESN’T REQUIRE
SPECIAL REGULATIONS
KARY MULLIS
• DEVELOPED PCR,
• DNA SEQUENCING &
• DNA FINGERPRINTING - 1993
CALGEN - 1994
• PRODUCED THE 1ST GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED TOMATO
• IT IS RESISTANT TO ROTTING
LINUS PAULING - 1994
• DESCRIBED SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• GREAT CHEMIST OF 20TH
CENTURY
IAN WILMUT
1997
CLONED A SHEEP
FROM AN ADULT
SHEEP DNA
CELERA GENOMICS
• HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• COMPLETES DRAFT OF DNA
MAPPING
- 2000 -
21ST CENTURY BIOTECHNOLOGY
IS CENTERED IN:
• BIOLOGY
• CHEMISTRY
• PHYSICS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
TECHNIQUES TODAY:
• CELL & TISSUE TECHNIQUES
• DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
• GENETIC ENGINEERING