Transcript DNA Technology Notes

Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Georgia State Standard
 SB2f – Examine the use of DNA technology
in forensics, medicine, & agriculture.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Precursors to Genetic Engineering
 Throughout history, humans have found ways
to manipulate the traits of organisms, all of
which lead to what we call genetic
engineering today.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Precursors: Selective Breeding
 The process by which desired traits of certain
plants and animals are selected and passed on to
their future generations is called selective
breeding.
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Precursors: Hybridization
 Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more
disease-resistant, to produce more offspring,
or to grow faster.
 A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is
time consuming and expensive.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Precursors: Inbreeding
 The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations
 Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
 A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful
recessive traits also can be passed on to
future generations.
 Ex: Dog breeds are kept pure by inbreeding
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Precursors: Test Cross
 A test cross involves
breeding an organism
that has the unknown
genotype with one that is
homozygous recessive
for the desired trait.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
 Technology that involves manipulating
the DNA of one organism in order to insert
the DNA of another organism, called
exogenous DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered organisms are used
 to study the expression of a particular gene.
 to investigate cellular
processes.
 to study the
development of a
certain disease.
Genetically engineered bollworm
 to select traits that might
be beneficial to humans.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in
the nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA
and to isolate genes from the rest of the
genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools: Restriction Enzymes
 recognize and bind to specific
DNA sequences and cleave the
DNA within the sequence.
 Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful
tools for isolating specific genes or regions of
the genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools: Gel Electrophoresis
 An electric current is used to separate
DNA fragments according to the size of
the fragments in a process called gel
electrophoresis.
 When an electric current is applied, the DNA
fragments move toward the positive end of
the gel.
 The smaller fragments move farther faster
than the larger ones.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Gel Electrophoresis Cont’d
 The unique pattern created
based on the size of the
DNA fragment can be
compared to known DNA
fragments for identification
of people. This is called
DNA Fingerprinting.
 It is the noncoding portions
of our DNA that make our
DNA fingerprint unique
Gel electrophoresis
Coded DNA contains specific instructions.
Non-coded DNA is nonsense.
Aaaljdfljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfion
asdfoiasdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsf
dsaasjdkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsvAaaljdf
ljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfionasdfoia
sdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsfdsaasj
dkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsv
DNA Fingerprinting Example
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA
 A newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from
different sources is called recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Cont’d
 Recombinant DNA is used in bacteria to mass
produce human insulin for diabetics and to clean up
oil spills.
 Recombinant DNA is used in sheep to mass
produce a human protein to treat cystic fibrosis.
DNA Tools:
Used to copy a DNA sample for
any scientific investigation
including forensic analysis and
medical testing
PCR takes
approximately two
hours. This
automated process
bypasses the need
to use bacteria for
amplifying DNA.
DNA Tools: Cloning
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
• Cloning - Using the DNA of one organism to create
and identical copy
• Steps:
– Isolate donor cells (from who you will be cloning)
– Remove nucleus from donor egg
– Transfer nucleus from donor cells into donor egg
– Stimulate cell division
– Implant embryo into surrogate mother
– New organism will be born
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Organisms
 Organisms that have been genetically
engineered by receiving one or more genes
from another organism.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
 Scientists produce most transgenic animals
in laboratories for biological research, often
to study the function of different traits.
 Commonly used animals - Mice, fruit flies,
and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
 Biologists use DNA technology to produce
plants with many desirable traits.
 Genetically engineered cotton resists insect
infestation of the bolls.
 Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus
that could kill most of the African harvest.
 Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins
could decrease malnutrition.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which statement is not true of hybridization?
A. It is relatively inexpensive
to perform.
B. It produces offspring with
specific traits.
C. It crosses a parent
organism with different
forms of a trait.
D. It can take a long time to
be successful.
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the process that scientists use to
separate DNA fragments according to size.
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Select the process in which one type of
bacterium takes up the DNA from another
type of bacterium.
A. cloning
B. sequencing
C. transformation
D. manipulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Which term explains how humans have been
able to produce a wide variety of domestic
cats?
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing
English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but
cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle
from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce
poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces
excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which
1.
A
term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
C
D
B
cross breed
hybrid
outbred
purebred
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed
through generations of purebred animals
as a result of _______.
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in
her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test
cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. to determine if the trait is
dominant or recessive
B. to determine the phenotype
of the plants
C. to determine if the plants carry
beneficial recessive alleles
D. to determine if the plants are
homozygous dominant or
heterozygous
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
What is the name for the technology that
involves inserting the genes of one organism
into the DNA of another organism?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. bioengineering
B. cloning
C. genetic engineering
D. transgenics
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Which type of protein can recognize specific
DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within
that sequence?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. DNA ligase
B. polymerase
C. restriction enzyme
D. transcriptase
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments
according to size and has many applications
in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
A DNA molecule that has had genes from
another organism inserted into it is called
_______.
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. complementary DNA
B. exogenous DNA
C. genomic DNA
D. recombinant DNA
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most
powerful tools used by scientists?
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
A. It can be used to identify errors
in DNA sequences and predict
the function of genes.
B. It can detect a single DNA
molecule in a sample and
make millions of copies of it.
C. It creates large amounts of
recombinant DNA in genetically
engineered organisms.
D. It creates DNA fragments with
sticky ends that can join with
other DNA fragments.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
The task of sequencing
the entire DNA in human
cells has been
completed.
1. A
2. B
A
0%
0%
B
A. True
B. Fasle
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
Which sections of human DNA are unique to
every individual?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. the noncoding
sequences
B. the regions that code
for proteins
C. the sections that
contain genes
D. the genes that code
for fingerprints
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
Which field of study involves the careful
storage, organization and indexing of data
on DNA sequences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. algorithms
B. bioanalysis
C. bioinformatics
D. microarray analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
If the genome represents the words in a
dictionary, then the definition and usage of
those words is represented by the _______.
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. haplotype
B. chromosome
C. DNA
D. proteome
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the following image. These are
the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of
the molecule shown
in DNA cloning?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. to carry the foreign
DNA into the host cell
B. to identify the source
of DNA as foreign
C. to identify the host cell that has
taken up the gene of interest
D. to make the foreign DNA
susceptible to digestion with
enzymes
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the genotypic ratio of the
offspring in the cross to the right?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. 1:2:1
B. 1:1
C. All are homozygous recessive.
D. All are heterozygous.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur,
the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea
pig and performs a test cross with a female that has
white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea
pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?
0%
0%
D
0%
C
0%
A
B
C
D
B
C. bb
D. bW
A
A. BB
B. Bb
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
How do researchers distinguish
between the bacterial cells that
contain the recombinant DNA and
those that do not?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. They observe the two types of cells
under a microscope.
B. They tag the recombinant DNA with
fluorescent dye.
C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells
that do not contain recombinant DNA.
D. They use gel electrophoresis to
separate the cells containing
recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
A. animals that can produce
organs for organ transplants
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
0%
0%
B
D. plants that are resistant to
insects and viruses
0%
C
C. bacteria that can decompose
oil spills and garbage
A
B
C
D
0%
D
B. animals that can secrete
enzymes that are useful to
humans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which transgenic species could pose a potential
threat to other organisms?
A. bacteria that are resistant
to antibiotics
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
B
0%
A
D. goats that secrete a protein
used to prevent human
blood from forming clots
0%
C
C. cotton that is resistant to
herbicides and infection
A
B
C
D
0%
D
B. chickens and turkeys that
are resistant to diseases
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical
trials using gene therapy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. The clinical trials affect the
body’s response to drugs.
B. There is a risk of producing
a transgenic human.
C. Inserting genes is done by a
virus that infects the
patient’s cells.
D. Doctors are able to take
advantage of genetic
variations on chromosomes.