Transcript What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology
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Write down at least five terms that come to
mind when you think “Biotechnology.”
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Define Biotechnology
Identify the domains of Biotechnology
List activities associated with those domains
Describe how the Biotechnology Industry has
changed over time
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Biotechnology- The study and manipulation
of living things for the purpose of making
products that benefit society
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Watch the video
Write down as many
biotech
products/innovatio
ns as you see in the
video clip
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Invisible Revolution
Video
 Four
major domains
◦ Industrial and Environmental
Biotechnology
◦ Medical/Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
◦ Agricultural Biotechnology
◦ Diagnostic Research Biotechnology
Fermented foods and beverages
 Genetically engineered proteins for
industry
 Biosensors, bioterrorism, biodefense
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Medicines from plants, animals, fungi
 Vaccine and gene therapy
 Prosthetics-artificial or engineered
organs and tissues
 Designer drugs and antibodies
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Breeding of livestock and plant crops
 Transgenic plants and animals
 Production of plant fibers-biofuels,
textiles
 Pharmaceuticals in genetically
engineered plant crops
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Genetic testing and screening
 DNA identification and DNA
fingerprinting, forensics
 Screening for diseases
 Nanotechnology
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Evidence of Biotechnology is observed as
early as 2000 BCE
Next couple of slides illustrate key
discoveries in Biotechnology
2000 B.C.E.
Biotechnology used to leaven bread
and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt).
Production of cheese,
fermentation of wine begins
(Sumeria, China, Egypt).
1797
First vaccination
Edward Jenner takes pus
from a cowpox lesion,
inserts it
into an incision
on a boy's arm.
1857
Louis Pasteur proposes
that microbes cause
fermentation. He later
conducts experiments
that support
the germ theory of disease.
1928
Sir Alexander Fleming discovers
the antibiotic penicillin by chance
when he realizes that
Penicillium
mold kills
bacteria.
He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain
and Sir Howard Walter Florey.
1953
James Watson
and Francis Crick describe
the double helical
structure of DNA.
1958
● DNA is made in a test tube for the first
time.
● Sickle cell disease is shown to occur due
to a change in one amino acid.
1966
The genetic code for DNA is
cracked.
Three scientists shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
for the discovery.
Marshall Nirenberg
Robert Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
1973
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect
genetic engineering techniques to cut and
paste DNA using restriction enzymes.
(1977 sees the first expression of a human gene in
bacteria.)
Stanley Cohen
Herbert Boyer and a recombinant bacterium
1983
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique, which makes unlimited copies of
genes and gene fragments, is conceived.
Kary Mullis, who was born in Lenoir, N.C.,
wins the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for the discovery. He became interested
in science as a child when he received
a chemistry set for Christmas.
1987
First approval for field tests
of a genetically
modified food plant:
virus-resistant tomatoes.
1994 Genetically modified
tomatoes are sold in the U.S.
for the first time.
2006
A recombinant vaccine
against human papillomavirus
(HPV) receives FDA approval.
The virus causes genital warts
and can cause cervical cancer.
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Cheese-making◦ Originally achieved by letting naturally occurring
bacteria turn the milk sour
◦ Have you ever left milk too long in the refrigerator?
◦ Describe observations you have made about sour
milk on your note-taker;
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Milk bacteria have enzymes that convert the
sugar lactose to lactic acid.
Lactic acid has an acidic pH (below pH 7)
At low pH, the milk protein, casein, breaks
down
Proteases found in the bacteria, also, act like
scissors and cut the casein into smaller
fragments
The broken down casein forms solids
observed in sour milk
 These
solids
are curds
 Curds are
pressed
together to
form cheese
Curds from sour milk
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Read through the introduction and procedure
Create a flow chart of what you are going to
do in lab tomorrow