Transcript Open-ended Review

Biology-S
Open-Ended Review
Question 1 –
Safety Rules
• Wear protective equipment including
goggles, aprons, and gloves
• When using heat – always use tongs or
heat gloves – never point heated objects
towards people.
• Waft to smell unknowns
• No food or drink in the lab
• Carry and use sharp objects (scalpel or
scissors) appropriately
Question 2 –
Diffusion and Osmosis
• Osmosis – diffusion of water
• Hypertonic – more solute outside the cell, water
gets sucked out
• Hypotonic – less solute outside the cell, water
gets sucked in
• Isotonic – concentration of solute is equal on both
sides
• Quick experiment – the gummy bear with the salt
and plain water.
Question 3 –
Cell Organelles
• Cell membrane – monitors materials into
and out of the cell
• Active transport – move against a
concentration gradient (pumps)
• Passive transport – no energy required to
move molecules
– Facilitated diffusion (carrier proteins)
– Channels
Question 4 - Genetics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Homozygous dominant – RR (red)
Homozygous recessive – rr (white)
Heterozygous – Rr (red)
RR x RR (100% RR, 100% red)
rr x rr (100% rr, 100% white)
RR x rr (100% Rr, 100% red)
Rr x Rr (25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr, 75% red, 25%
white)
• RR x Rr (50% RR, 50% Rr, 100% red)
• rr x Rr (50% Rr, 50% rr, 50% red, 50% white)
Question 5 –
Base pairing rules
• DNA to DNA
– A=T, C=G
• DNA to mRNA (creates codons)
– A=U, C=G
• mRNA to rRNA or tRNA (creates
anticodons)
– A=U, C=G
Question 5 –
Determining amino acids
• Using the mRNA codon
– First letter = left side of table
– Second letter = top of the table
– Third letter = right side of the table
Question 5 –
Protein Synthesis
• Two steps
– Transcription – mRNA copies DNA in the
nucleus
– Translation – mRNA carries information
to the ribosomes where rRNA and tRNA
translate the mRNA to obtain amino
acids and build proteins
Question 6 –
Prokaryote v. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes
– No defined nucleus
– No membranebound organelles
– Believed to be
earliest known cells
• Eukaryotes
– Well defined
nucleus
– Membrane bound
organelles
– Believed to have
evolved from
symbiotic
prokaryotes
Question 7 –
Well-designed experiment
• Control – something to compared against
(can be positive or negative)
• Independent variable – variable that
experimenter controls (example – time)
• Dependent variable – variable that the
experimenter is collecting data on
(example – growth of a plant)
Question 8 –
Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates – used for energy
• Lipids – long term energy storage,
protective coating (wax)
• Proteins – structure
• Nucleic acid – information storage
Question 9 –
Ecological interactions
• Mutualism – everyone wins! All
parties benefit (wrasse and pleny)
• Commensalism – I win, you are
neither helped nor harmed (barnacles
on a whale)
• Parasitism – I win, you lose! (tape
worms, ring worms)
Question 10 –
Food web
• Producers – photosynthetic
organisms
• Primary consumers – herbivores
• Secondary consumers – carnivores
• Higher order consumers – top
predators (humans, eagles, lions etc.)
Question 11 –
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
• Photosynthesis
– 6CO2+6H2OC6H12
O6+6O2
– Reactants – carbon
dioxide, water (in
the presence of
sunlight)
– Products – glucose
and oxygen
• Cellular respiration
– C6H12O6+6O2
6CO2+6H2O
– Reactants – glucose
and oxygen
– Products – carbon
dioxide and water
The products of photosynthesis “power” the
process of cellular respiration which “powers” all
the other processes that living things do!
Good Luck!
• If you paid attention during this review
and you look these questions over a couple
of times …
• You are prepared for the open-ended
portion of the Biology-S exam!
• 12 questions  you pick 15.
• Budget your time accordingly on test day.