Transcript No DRB Protein!

Evidence #1: Diabetes
NEXT
Introduction
 Type 1 diabetes is a serious disease. It occurs when people
stop producing a chemical called insulin.
 Insulin is important because it helps the body use glucose
properly. When people do not produce enough insulin, they
get too much glucose in their blood.
 This can damage their circulatory system and their nervous
system.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your
understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each
person’s question.
BACK
NEXT
Who is right?
I have
diabetes,
because my
body
produces too
much insulin.
I have
diabetes,
because my
body
produces too
little insulin.
I am healthy,
because my
body
produces no
insulin.
CORRECT!
BACK
NEXT
Who is right?
I have
diabetes,
because my
body
produces too
much insulin.
I have
diabetes,
because my
body
produces
too
TRY
AGAIN!
little insulin.
I am healthy,
because my
body
produces no
insulin.
Click back to re-read and try
again
BACK
What causes Type 1 diabetes?
Some scientists have a hypothesis. Here is what they think:
 Many people with Type 1 diabetes have a mutation in a gene called DRB.
 In healthy people, the DRB gene gives instructions to the cells to produce
a protein called the DRB protein. (Proteins are one kind of chemical
structure in cells.) The DRB protein helps make sure the body can
produce insulin, so that people do not get diabetes.
 When people have a mutation in the DRB gene, their genes do not give
instructions to produce the DRB protein. And then the DRB protein
cannot help make sure that the body can produce insulin. So they are
more likely to get diabetes.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your
understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each
person’s question.
BACK
NEXT
This shows the scientists’
hypothesis about healthy people:
cell
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
BACK
This graphic shows their hypothesis
about healthy people:
cell
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells. (The DRB protein is shown as red dots.)
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
BACK
This shows their hypothesis
about healthy people:
cell
1. They have the DRB gene
in their cells.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your
understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each
person’s question.
BACK
NEXT
This shows their hypothesis
about people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
BACK
This shows their hypothesis
about most people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell
No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in the cell.
Click on the cell to see what the scientists think happens next.
BACK
This shows their hypothesis
about most people with Type 1 diabetes:
cell
No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
3. Because there is
no DRB protein, people
often cannot produce
insulin, and they get
diabetes.
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in the cell.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your
understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to
each person’s question.
BACK
NEXT
Who is right about the scientists’
hypothesis? (Click on the person who is right.)
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
No DRB gene
No DRB protein
No insulin
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
A normal
DRB gene
No DRB protein
in their cells
Insulin
The scientists think that most healthy people have:
A normal
DRB gene
BACK
DRB protein
in their cells
CORRECT!!
Insulin
NEXT
Who is right about the scientists’
hypothesis? (Click on the person who is right.)
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
A mutated
DRB gene
No DRB protein
in their cells
No insulin
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
A mutated
DRB gene
DRB protein
in their cells
No insulin
The scientists think that most people with diabetes have:
No DRB gene
BACK
No DRB protein
CORRECT!!
No insulin
NEXT
 Sorry, that is not correct.
 Go to the next page, and read the
scientists’ hypothesis again, slowly and
carefully.
 Make sure you understand what you read,
and then go back and try again.
NEXT
This is what the scientists think about most healthy people:
1. They have a DRB gene in their cells.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
This is what the scientists think about most people with diabetes:
No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
BACK
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
to make the DRB protein. So there is
no DRB protein in their cells.
3. Because there is
no DRB protein, people
often cannot produce
insulin, and they get diabetes.
 Sorry, that is not correct.
 Go to the next page, and read the
scientists’ hypothesis again, slowly and
carefully.
 Make sure you understand what you read,
and then go back and try again.
NEXT
This is what the scientists think about most healthy people:
1. They have a DRB gene in their cells.
2. The DRB gene gives instructions
to make the DRB protein.
So the DRB protein is in their cells.
3. The DRB protein helps
make sure that people
can produce insulin.
So they are healthy.
This is what the scientists think about most people with diabetes:
No
DRB
Protein!
1. They have a mutated DRB gene
which does not work properly.
BACK
3. Because there is
2. The DRB gene does not give instructions
no DRB protein, people
to make the DRB protein. So there is
often cannot produce
no DRB protein in their cells.
insulin, and they get diabetes.
Method
The scientists conducted a study to test their hypothesis.
They wanted to find out if diabetes patients have a mutated DRB gene and if
they have the DRB protein.
To test this idea they tested 10 people with Type 1 diabetes and 10 healthy
people. They used standard procedures to check:
 whether the people had a mutated or normal DRB
gene.
 whether the people had the DRB protein in their cells.
Each person: Ask your group one question to check your
understanding. Make sure you all agree on the answers to each
person’s question.
BACK
NEXT
These are the patients who have Type 1 diabetes (and produce
no insulin). Click on each patient to see their test result for the DRB
gene and the DRB protein. To protect their identities, they are
anonymous.
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
BACK
NEXT
These are the healthy patients who DO NOT have
diabetes. Click on each patient to see their test result for the
DRB gene and the DRB protein. To protect their identities
,they are anonymous.
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Mutated DRB
gene
No DRB Protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
Normal DRB
gene and protein
BACK
NEXT
Results
 The scientists’ results are in the table below.
Patients with type 1 diabetes
Patients without diabetes
Patient
DRB gene
DRB protein
Patient
DRB gene
DRB protein
1
Mutated
No protein
1
Normal
Normal
2
Mutated
No protein
2
Normal
Normal
3
Normal
Normal
3
Normal
Normal
4
Mutated
No protein
4
Mutated
No protein
5
Mutated
No protein
5
Normal
Normal
6
Mutated
No protein
6
Normal
Normal
7
Mutated
No protein
7
Normal
Normal
8
Normal
Normal
8
Normal
Normal
9
Mutated
No protein
9
Normal
Normal
10
Mutated
No protein
10
Normal
Normal
Discuss: What do you conclude from this study?
Give reasons for your ideas, and try to agree on the best conclusion. Focus on
which genes and proteins healthy people have, and which genes and proteins
patients with diabetes have.
When you are finished, write your group’s conclusion on Page 36, Question 5.
BACK