Transcript The Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance
and Reformation
• Lecture. Copy the highlighted notes
• Read Ch. 12 pp. 398-399 & pp. 401-405
• Discuss
• What are the important characteristics of the
Renaissance?
• Explain how Leonardo da Vinci is an example of “a
Renaissance man”?
• Why did the Renaissance begin in the Italian city-states?
• What was the central idea of The Prince?
• What do the nobles’ clothes tell you about their station in
life?
• What role did peasants play in the economies of towns?
• Identify artists and their artwork.
• Renaissance – means
rebirth or revival
• A renewed interest in the
ancient Greek and Roman
worlds.
• (1350-1600) The
Renaissance is a period of
intellectual or artistic
achievement in Europe.
• It began in the Northern
Italian States by merchants
and bankers.
• In Florence - the wealthy
Medici family brought in
artists to beautify the city
• Two other states in Italy
were Milan and Venice.
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
• Urban society (powerful city-states
became centers of Italian political,
economic, and social life.)
• Age of recovery from the disasters of the
14th century-the plague, Hundred Years’
War, and a decline of Church power
• New view of human beings; emphasized
individual ability.
• “Men can do all things if they will”
• Renaissance man was a well-rounded,
universal person who could
achieve much in many areas
• Ex. Leonardo da Vinci.
• He was a painter, sculptor,
architect, and inventor.
Machiavelli
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote
The Prince one of the
most influential books on
political power
• Handbook for rulers-how
to acquire and keep
power.
• Machiavelli believed that
Christian principles &
morality had little to do
with politics.
• “It’s better to be feared
than loved.
Renaissance Society
• Society in Europe was divided into 3 groups: nobility,
peasants, and townspeople
• Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of Courtier
expresssed characteristics of a perfect, Renaissance noble.
• A noble must have character, grace, and talent.
• Noble had to be a warrior, but also needed a classical
education in the arts.
• Peasants made up 85-90 % of the European population.
• Serfdom began to decline and more peasants started to
own their own land by converting work to rent paid for land.
• Townspeople were made up of merchants, bankers and
burghers (the shopkeepers, guild members, etc.).
The Impact of Printing
• Johannes Gutenberg
invented the printing press
(The Chinese had invented
printing much earlier).
• The Bible was the first book
produced from moveable
metal type.
• There were more than 1000
printers in Europe by 1500.
• The printing press enabled
religious ideas to spread
more rapidly.
• Europeans began to seek
knowledge.
• The ideas of the Reformation
would not have spread as
rapidly without the printing
press in the 16th century.
Family and Marriage
• The father was the dominant figure in the
homes.
• Marriages took place when the wife’s
family gives a dowry to the husband’s
family.
• Adulthood could be reached when the
father freed them (usually between the
ages of 13-29).
THE INTELLECTUAL AND THE
ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE
• Humanism is the study of the classics (works of
the Greeks and Romans). Subjects such as:
grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral
philosophy.
• Petrarch is the father of Italian Renaissance
Humanism. He compiled a library of Ancient
Greek and Roman manuscripts. .
• Dante wrote The Divine Comedy – imaginary
journey through Hell, purgatory, and Heaven or
paradise.
• Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales –
group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of
Saint Thomas `a Becket at Canterbury.
Artistic
Renaissance
• Frescoes are paintings
done on wet plaster with
water based paint.
• Perspective-figures in
paintings have depth and
come alive
• Masaccio –1st to use laws
of perspective. Creates
the illusion of three
dimensions, leading to a
new, realistic style.
Masters of the High Renaissance
(1490-1520)
• *Leonardo da Vinci
– realistic paintings (painted the Mona Lisa
– dissected corpses to study the body better
– painted the Last Supper
• *Raphael
– admired for his Madonna’s (paintings of the Virgin
Mary
– known for his frescoes in the Vatican palace
• *Michelangelo
– famous painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in
Rome
– accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect
Michelangelo created his
masterpiece David in 1504.
Sistine Chapel
About one year after finishing David, Pope
Julius II summoned Michelangelo to work on
His most famous project, the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
“Creation of Eve”
“Separation of Light and Darkness”
“Creation of Adam”
“The Last Judgment”
“La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
Moses
Leonardo
da Vinci
“The Last Supper” by da Vinci
The Notebook
Raphael “School of Athens”
Pythagoras
Plato
Socrates
Aristotle
Euclid
Raphael in back
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
• The large wall spaces of
Italian churches allowed the
artists to paint frescoes.
• The Gothic cathedrals in
Northern Europe with their
stained glass windows did
not allow for frescoes.
• Illustrations for books and
wooden panels for
altarpieces were painted.
• Jan van Eyck (Flemish
painter) was one of the first
to use oil based paint which
enabled artists to use a
variety of colors.
• Italian artists had a great
impact on the artists from the
north.
Jan Van Eyck
Van Eyck
Portrait of
Giovanni
Arnolfini
and his Wife
(detail)
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
• The Reformation is the name given to the reform
movement that divided the western Church into
Catholic and Protestantism.
• What developments led to the change?
• Change in intellectual thought (Christian humanism –
People believed they could change the Catholic Church
by using reason and improving themselves.
• Desiderius Erasmus did not believe in pilgrimages,
fasts, and relics.
• He criticized the abuses of the Church. Erasmus
prepared the way for the Reformation.
• He wrote The Praise of Folly (1509).
• He “laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
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Between 1450 and 1520, the Catholic
Church became corrupt.
A series of Popes known as the
Renaissance popes, failed to meet
the Church’s spiritual needs.
The popes became more interested
in Italian politics and worldly
interests.
Ex. Pope Julius II led armies against
his enemies.
Some officials were asked how to
save their souls and the priests could
not offer advice.
Other people wanted an assurance of
their salvation and the Church offered
an indulgence through the veneration
(feeling of deep respect) of a relic.
An indulgence could reduce
punishment for sin.
Many people sought salvation
through the Modern Devotion
(stressed teachings of Jesus).
Martin Luther
• German Monk
• Professor at Wittenberg
and lectured on the Bible
• Taught students that faith
and good works were
needed for salvation (only
through faith could one
receive salvation)
• The Bible was the only
source of religious truths
• Upset by the selling of
indulgences (pieces of
paper)
• Wrote 95 Theses (1517)
or questions to the
Church which criticized
indulgences (thousands
of copies were printed)
• Luther denied all but two
of the sacraments
(Communion and
baptism) and declared
the clergy could marry
• He was excommunicated
(1521) and sent to
Worms where the Edict of
Worms made him an
outlaw
The Rise of Lutheranism
• During the next few years, Luther’s movement
became a revolution.
• German states began taking over Catholic
churches and established state churches.
• Catholic Mass was replaced by services that
consisted of Bible readings and preaching the
word of God.
• The doctrine developed by Luther became
known as Lutheranism (Lutheran churches).
• This was the first Protestant faith.
Politics in the German
Reformation
• At the Peace of Augsburg (1555),
German states formally were
divided between Catholicism and
Protestantism.
• King Charles V could not keep
peace in his large empire (covered
Spain, Holy Roman Empire, and
parts of southern Italy).
• The Peace of Augsburg did not
allow individual to choose their own
religion; each German ruler
determined the religion of his
subjects.
THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM
AND THE CATHOLIC RESPONSE
• The Peace of Augsburg destroyed all hopes of a unified
Christian faith.
• Protestantism saw divisions throughout Europe.
• Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich, Switzerland, abolished
relics, paintings, and other decorations from churches
which caused a war between Catholics and Protestants
in Switzerland.
• Zwingli also replace Catholic Mass with scripture
reading, prayer, and sermons.
• Zwingli attempted to make an alliance with the
Lutherans in Germany but failed due to differences in
the meaning of Communion.
Calvin and Calvinism
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John Calvin, from France, fled to Switzerland; in 1536 he
published a book Institutes of the Christian Religion.
This was a summary of Protestant thought and gave him
recognition as one of the new leader of the Protestantism.
Calvin’s idea of predestination proposed that God had
determined in advance who would be saved (the elect)
and who would be damned (the reprobate).
In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva by
creating a church government in which the laity and the
clergy performed church services.
The Consistory was a special body for enforcing moral
discipline.
It had the right to punish people who deviated from the
church’s teachings and moral principles (citizens
punished for dancing, singing obscene songs,
drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards.
Geneva became popular and missionaries were trained in
the city.
Calvinism replaced Lutheranism in Europe as the
dominant form of Protestantism by the mid 16th century.
The Reformation in England
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King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon.
He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but the pope would not annul his marriage to
Catherine.
Henry turned to England’s own church courts.
In 1533, Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (England’s highest church
court official) annulled his marriage.
Anne Boleyn became queen and she gave birth to a girl named Elizabeth (later
became Queen Elizabeth).
King Henry VIII became the head of the Anglican Church denouncing ties to the
Church in Rome.
He sold the land of which monasteries stood to wealthy landowners to build up his
treasury.
He still remained close to Catholic teachings. Edward VI gained the throne in
1547, after his father’s death.
He was 9 years old and was a sickly child.
Church officials moved the church into a protestant direction.
When Henry’s daughter Mary gained the throne in 1553, England was ready for a
reaction to the Protestant shift.
Mary wanted England Catholic again and went about it the wrong way.
She had as many as 300 Protestants burned at the stake earning her the
nickname “Bloody Mary”.
By the end of her rule, England was even more Protestant.
The Anabaptists
• Anabaptists did not like the idea of the state playing a
dominant role in church affairs like the Calvinists and
the Lutherans.
• They believed that the church is made up of voluntary
community of adults who had undergone spiritual
revival and had been baptized.
• The Catholics and Protestants baptized infants and
believed that all believers are equal (early Christianity
in the New Testament).
• They also believed that there needed to be a complete
separation between church and state.
• Anabaptist did not bear arms and did not hold political
offices.
• They were thought to be dangerous radicals by the
other Protestant groups and Catholics.
Effects on the Role of Women
• Women’s role in society
and in the family did not
change with the arrival of
Protestantism.
• They still were to
maintain the household
and care for the children.
Catholic Reformation
• The Catholic faith was not looking good in Europe by the
mid 16th century.
• The Catholic Reformation was supported by 3 chief pillars:
the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent.
• The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) was founded in 1540 by
Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish nobleman, who organized a
group who vowed to be obedient to the papacy.
• The Jesuits were successful in spreading the Catholic faith
throughout Europe and other parts of the world.
• The pope’s authority was to blame for the corruption of the
church and was reformed.
• The Council of Trent was a meeting between the high
church officials at Trent, between Germany and Italy.
• The use of indulgences, the belief of purgatory, celibacy of
the clergy, and the 7 sacraments were strengthened;
however selling of indulgences was forbidden.
• The Catholics were prepared to do battle for their faith like
that of Protestantism.