Transcript AP European History

AP European History
Art Review
How would you break any Art
topic down in an FRQ?
Italian Renaissance (1500-1520 Height)
• Style Characteristics of Italian Renaissance artwork:
• How different in the North?
• Early Renaissance Artists: (pre-1500s)
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Masaccio – humans as 3D – painted “Tribute Money”
Donatello – sculptor – “David” – first in-the-round sculpture
Botticelli – Famous for his nudes – “Birth of Venus”
Ghiberti – Doors of the Baptistry
Brunelleschi – Dome in Florence
Italian Artists
• High Renaissance Artists
– Michelangelo
• architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer
• Pieta, Sistine Chapel, David
– Leonardo
• Architect, sculptor, painter, engineer
• Mona Lisa, Last Supper, his “notebooks
– Raphael
• Rich and wildly successful
• School of Athens, many Madonna and child
– Titian
• Established oil on canvas as preferred medium
• Venetian school – textured, color, and mood
Botticelli, The Birth of Venus
Masaccio, Tribute Money
Northern Renaissance vs. Italian
Renaissance Art
Italian Ren.
Northern Ren.
Specialty
Ideal beauty
Intense realism –
extremely detailed
Style
Simplified forms
Lifelike features
Subjects
Religious/Mythical
Religious/domestic
scenes
Figures
Heroic male nudes
Prosperous citizens
Portraits
Formal, reserved
Individual
personality
Emphasis
Anatomical structure Visible appearance
Technique
Fresco and oil
Oil on wood panels
Northern Renaissance (1420-1600)
• Low Countries:
– Jan van Eyck
• credited with inventing oil painting
• Extreme Detail – Arnolfini Wedding
– Bosch
• Irrational dream imagery – bizarre
imagination
• Paintings suggest punishment for sinners
– Bruegel
• Landscapes Common
• Painter of Peasants – Peasant Wedding
Northern Renaissance - continued
• Germany:
– Hans Holbein the Younger
• Known as the greatest
portraitist ever
• Court painter for
Henry VIII
– Albrecht Durer:
• Big on woodcuts –
• first to use printmaking as
a major medium for art
Baroque Art (1600-1750)
• Style Characteristics:
• Term negatively used to mean ostentatious and
overwrought
• Started by Italian Popes in Counter-reformation
to display Catholic triumph
• Found in Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain,
England, and France – all had different styles
• Also architecture: Palace of Versailles – Hall of
Mirrors
Early Style (1622-1642)
Late Style (1643-1649)
Used dramatic light/dark
Use golden-brown, subtle
contrasts - chiaroscuro
shadings
Design seems to burst frame Static, brooding atmosphere
Scenes featured groups of
figures
Scenes have a single impact
Based on physical action
Implied psychological
reaction
Vigorous, melodramatic tone Quiet, solemn mood
Highly finished detailed
technique
Painted with broad, thick
strokes
Artists of the Baroque
• Caravaggio
– Conversion of St. Paul, specialized in large
religious works
– Secularized religious art – make saints look
human
• Bernini
– Dynamic, explosive energy
– Ecstasy of St. Theresa masterpiece
Rococo (1723-1774)
• How is it different from Baroque? A few
keys… (seen by some as height of
Baroque)
– Only in Paris in the reign of Louis XV
– Decorative, nonfunctional – primarily used for
interior decoration – “pretty”
– Mood is playful, alive, light, graceful – curves
featured over straight lines
– Pastel and metallic hues
– Pretty pink nudes – naked babies!
Neoclassicism (1780-1820)
• Reflected “the glory that was Greece, and the
grandeur that was Rome.” – Edgar Allan Poe
• Made world care when Greek independence
movement occurred in 1830
• Revival of Classicism in painting, sculpture, and
architecture
• Directly resulted from the Enlightenment’s need
for order and progress
• Solemn style, subjects are often famous
Greek/Roman figures or gods
• Founded by Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
Paintings by David
Death of Socrates
Death of Marat
Romanticism (1800-1850)
• Reaction against the reason and order of
the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism
• Intuition, Imagination, Emotion
• Subjects: Legends, exotic, nature,
violence
• Light and dark contrast common
• Nature is very tempestuous
• Began with Gericault’s Raft of the Medusa
Lady Liberty Leading the People
Wanderer
Above a
Sea of Fog,
Caspar
Friedrich
Arabian Horses Fighting in a
Stable
Realism (1850-1900 approx)
• Developed after 1848 Revolutions
• Direct result of the harsh realities of the
Industrial Revolution
• Different from previous art in that subjects are
not idealized or sensationalized
• Centered on precise imitation of visual
perceptions without alteration
• Focused primarily on peasants and the workingclass
• Edgar Degas
The New Orleans Cotton
Exchange, Edgar Degas
The Gleaners, Jean Francious Millet
Impressionism (1860s-1886)
• Rejected balance, perspective, idealized
figures, and chiaroscuro
• Represented immediate visual sensations
through color and light
• Portrayed the “impression,” the initial
sensation of the moment by the artist
• Shows how color changes with different
light
• Short, choppy brushstrokes
Impressionism (Cont.)
• Famous artists include:
– Manet – contemporary scenes with a hard
edge
– Monet – landscapes, waterfront, water lilies
– Renoir – voluptuous females, café society,
children, flowers
– Degas – ballerinas, café societies, horse
races
Degas, Prima Ballerina
Monet, Rouen Cathedral
Monet, Waterlilies
Renoir, Luncheon of the
Boating Party
Post-Impressionism (1880-1905)
• French phenomenon – distinguished from Impressionism by their
brightly lit canvases – wanted art to be substantial and not a
“fleeting, passing moment”
• Divided into 2 camps:
– Formal, near scientific design
• Seurat – pointillism – painted leisure activities in Paris
• Cezanne – still lifes with fruit, landscapes – pre-Cubism focus
on geometric shapes
– Emotional and sensation-driven design
• Gauguin – exotic primitivism
• Van Gogh – Passionate, vibrant self-portraits and flowers
• Toulouse-Latrec – cabaret nightlife
Toulouse-Latrec, At the Moulin Rouge
Van Gogh, Starry Night
Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jette
Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire
Expressionism (1905-1930)
• Insisted that art should express the artists’
feelings instead of images of the real world
• Use of distorted, exaggerated forms and
colors for emotional impact
• Began in Germany
• Wood-cuts also typical
Edvard Munch, The Scream
Cubism (1908-1914)
• Broke objects into a multitude of pieces
and shapes – more about invention than
realistic portrayal
• Picasso best
example
Picasso, Guernica
Picasso, Self-Portrait
Modern Architecture
• “International Style” or Chicago Style of
the 1920s
• Science and industry key, steamlined
designs
• Glass and steel common
• Frank Lloyd Wright
Guggenheim Museum, New York
Dadaism (1916-1923)
• “A World Gone Gaga”
• Seemed nonsensical, but
protested the madness of
war
• Goal is to overthrow all
authority and cultivate
absurdity
• Hoped to shock and
awaken the imagination
Surrealism (1925-1930s)
• Grew out of Freudian free-association and
dream analysis
• Incorporated the bizarre and irrational to
express the real truths
• Main proponent
was Salvador Dali
Salvador Dali, The Visage of War
Abstract Expressionism (late
1940s-early 1950s)
• Abstract Expressionism: stressed energy,
action, kineticism, and freneticism
• Reaction to World War II and typical
images
• Jackson Pollock
• abandoned the
paintbrush to slosh
pour, and drip
Jackson Pollock, Lavender Mist No. 1
Pop Art (early 1960s)
• Determine subjects directly from Pop
Culture
• Shiny colors, snappy designs, large size
• Best example:
Andy Warhol