Transcript 15.1-15.2
15.1 Notes Italian Renaissance • Era of Awakening • 1300’s movement in Italy starts which alter Europeans’ view of themselves and their world – Renaissance philosophical & artist movement – New Interest in Greek & Roman literature and life • Medieval – Studied ancient history & bring what they learned into harmony with their teachings • By Contrast – Studied ancient world to explore its great achievements – New emphasis on the power of human reasoning – Advances in arts and science • Causes of the Renaissance • Roman Ruins reminded Italians of past Roman Glory • Crusades & trade had brought them in contact w/ Byzantine civilization – Scholars preserved Greek & Roman learning • Trade with SW Asia and Africa • Italian Cities • Grow rich through trade & industry – Citizens • Medici family • Isabella d’Este • The Humanities • Early1300’s Italian scholars turned to classical Greek & Roman literature to study grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric – Humanists • Verification through investigation – Jews • Humanists new impact on education • Religion brings tension to teaching – Life preparation for afterlife – Life joy itself • Italian Renaissance Writers • Francesco Petrarch – Scholar/Teacher – Sonnets to Laura – Cont. work of classical writers • Committed to virtue in public and private life • Study their writing – Classical Education – Lead full and active life on earth • Desire for fame • Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince • Describe gov’t how it worked • Rulers should only be concerned with power and political success – “Machiavellian” • Lack of concern for conventional morality – Looked to Romans as models • Baldassare Castiglione – The Book of the Courtier • Real people in fictional conversations explain how gentlemen & women should act in polite society. • • Italian Renaissance Artists Medieval vs. Renaissance Art – – • Giotto – • Early realist (1276-1337) Masaccio (1401-1428) – • • Formal Figures to express religious concerns More realistic scenes, lifelike human figures, Perspective Light and shadow to bring depth to painting 1400-Early 1500’s High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) – – – – Architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist Science improved quality of his paintings Anatomy improved human pictures Math to organize space in paintings • • • Michelangelo (1475-1564) – – – • Sistine Chapel Sculptures Poetry, Architecture Rafael (1483-1520) – – • The Last Supper Mona Lisa Papal chambers Paintings of Virgin Mary Titian (1488-1576) – – Drama Rich Color One of first artists to become wealthy from artwork Chapter 15 Sect. 2 The Northern Renaissance How did the Renaissance spread from Italy to Northern Europe? • Northern European students who studied in Italy • Printing Press Explain how the printing press developed throughout history to the Renaissance era • Hundreds years earlier Chinese etch onto wooden blocks. • Ink onto blocks press onto paper • Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing press independent of Chinese methods. (1st European to use movable type to print books.) Compare and contrast the Pros and Cons of the printing press, from different people’s points of view. Negative Views - Positive Views Books on paper will not last as long. VS. - Beauty of writing - Scribes loss of jobs + + + + + + Speed Information Revolution Research more reliable Economics Increase Literacy Avoid corruption through hand writing Desiderius Erasmus • Most influential humanist of N. Europe • Lived 1466 to 1536, young man entered a monastery, later left to pursue study of classics • Christianity and classical civilization ideas could be harmonized • Needed to be less complicated and ceremonial What was the message in Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly? Ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians Criticized fasting pilgrimages, and church’s interpretation of the bible Friends with Erasmus Shared Same Views Thomas More Utopia “nowhere” Published Utopia in 1516 “A good place. A good place which is no place.” Served for King Henry VII All male citizens equal Executed because would not recognize king as supreme Private ownership causes problems How did Erasmus and More differ from Italian humanists in their outlooks on life? Strong Christian themes, and attracted scholars, Italian humanists looked in a more secular way at life and attracted everyday people William Shakespeare Leading literary figure of time Tell well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces Portrayed personality and human emotions Focus on human rather than godly actions Flemish School Known for inventing oil painting, other characteristics of Flemish art included attention to detail, bright colors, and superior technique. It mainly dealt with religious subjects and was often set in contemporary landscapes, townscapes, and interiors. Other Flemish characteristics included idealism and exploration of perspective. Pieter Brueghel • • • • Mid-1500’s Loved countryside & peasants of Flanders Lively scenes of village festivals & dances Paintings criticized intolerance and cruelty around him Albrecht Dürer • • • • 1471-1528 Copper engravings and woodcuts Studied in Germany and Venice, Classics and humanism One of first artists to see possibilities of printed illustration What were the differences between northern and southern European artists and their societies? •Italian artists depicted human figures based on Models of Greek & Roman Art •Northern artists Europeans of 1500’s; Bald, Frail, and Imperfect. Some northern artists depicted early fathers of Church- Christian Humanism What evidence would you give that realism was important in Northern Renaissance art? •Perspective •Detail •Interest in the Individual