Transcript Art Review
Art Review * * Style Characteristics of Italian Renaissance artwork: * How different in the North? * Early Renaissance Artists: (pre-1500s) * Masaccio – humans as 3D – painted “Tribute Money” * Donatello – sculptor – “David” – first in-the-round sculpture * Botticelli – Famous for his nudes – “Birth of Venus” * Ghiberti – Doors of the Baptistry * Brunelleschi – Dome in Florence * Italian Renaissance (1500-1520 Height) *High Renaissance Artists * Michelangelo * architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer * Pieta, Sistine Chapel, David * Leonardo * Architect, sculptor, painter, engineer * Mona Lisa, Last Supper, his “notebooks * Raphael * Rich and wildly successful * School of Athens, many Madonna and child * Titian * Established oil on canvas as preferred medium * Venetian school – textured, color, and mood * Botticelli, The Birth of Venus Masaccio, Tribute Money * * Italian Ren. Northern Ren. Specialty Ideal beauty Intense realism – extremely detailed Style Simplified forms Lifelike features Subjects Religious/Mythical Religious/domestic scenes Figures Heroic male nudes Prosperous citizens Portraits Formal, reserved Individual personality Emphasis Anatomical structure Visible appearance Technique Fresco and oil Oil on wood panels *Low Countries: * Jan van Eyck *credited with inventing oil painting *Extreme Detail – Arnolfini Wedding * Bosch *Irrational dream imagery – bizarre imagination *Paintings suggest punishment for sinners * Bruegel * *Landscapes Common *Painter of Peasants – Peasant Wedding * Germany: *Hans Holbein the Younger * Known as the greatest portraitist ever * Court painter for Henry VIII * Albrecht Durer: * Big on woodcuts – * first to use printmaking as a major medium for art * * Style Characteristics: * Term negatively used to mean ostentatious and overwrought * Started by Italian Popes in Counter-reformation to display Catholic triumph * Found in Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, England, and France – all had different styles * Also architecture: Palace of Versailles – Hall of Mirrors * Early Style (1622-1642) Late Style (1643-1649) Used dramatic light/dark Use golden-brown, subtle contrasts - chiaroscuro shadings Design seems to burst frame Static, brooding atmosphere Scenes featured groups of figures Scenes have a single impact Based on physical action Implied psychological reaction Vigorous, melodramatic tone Quiet, solemn mood Highly finished detailed technique Painted with broad, thick strokes * Caravaggio * Conversion of St. Paul, specialized in large religious works * Secularized religious art – make saints look human * Bernini * Dynamic, explosive energy * Ecstasy of St. Theresa masterpiece * * How is it different from Baroque? A few keys… (seen by some as height of Baroque) * Only in Paris in the reign of Louis XV * Decorative, nonfunctional – primarily used for interior decoration – “pretty” * Mood is playful, alive, light, graceful – curves featured over straight lines * Pastel and metallic hues * Pretty pink nudes – naked babies! * * Reflected “the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome.” – Edgar Allan Poe * Made world care when Greek independence movement occurred in 1830 * Revival of Classicism in painting, sculpture, and architecture * Directly resulted from the Enlightenment’s need for order and progress * Solemn style, subjects are often famous Greek/Roman figures or gods * Founded by Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) * Death of Socrates Death of Marat * * Reaction against the reason and order of the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism * Intuition, Imagination, Emotion * Subjects: Legends, exotic, nature, violence * Light and dark contrast common * Nature is very tempestuous * Began with Gericault’s Raft of the Medusa * Lady Liberty Leading the People Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog, Caspar Friedrich Arabian Horses Fighting in a Stable *Developed after 1848 Revolutions *Direct result of the harsh realities of the Industrial Revolution *Different from previous art in that subjects are not idealized or sensationalized *Centered on precise imitation of visual perceptions without alteration *Focused primarily on peasants and the working-class *Edgar Degas * The New Orleans Cotton Exchange, Edgar Degas The Gleaners, Jean Francious Millet * Rejected balance, perspective, idealized figures, and chiaroscuro * Represented immediate visual sensations through color and light * Portrayed the “impression,” the initial sensation of the moment by the artist * Shows how color changes with different light * Short, choppy brushstrokes * * Famous artists include: * Manet – contemporary scenes with a hard edge * Monet – landscapes, waterfront, water lilies * Renoir – voluptuous females, café society, children, flowers * Degas – ballerinas, café societies, horse races * Degas, Prima Ballerina Monet, Rouen Cathedral Monet, Waterlilies Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party * French phenomenon – distinguished from Impressionism by their brightly lit canvases – wanted art to be substantial and not a “fleeting, passing moment” * Divided into 2 camps: * Formal, near scientific design * Seurat – pointillism – painted leisure activities in Paris * Cezanne – still lifes with fruit, landscapes – pre-Cubism focus on geometric shapes * Emotional and sensation-driven design * Gauguin – exotic primitivism * Van Gogh – Passionate, vibrant self-portraits and flowers * Toulouse-Latrec – cabaret nightlife * Toulouse-Latrec, At the Moulin Rouge Van Gogh, Starry Night Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jette Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire * Insisted that art should express the artists’ feelings instead of images of the real world * Use of distorted, exaggerated forms and colors for emotional impact * Began in Germany * Wood-cuts also typical * Edvard Munch, The Scream * Broke objects into a multitude of pieces and shapes – more about invention than realistic portrayal * Picasso best example * Picasso, Guernica Picasso, Self-Portrait * “International Style” or Chicago Style of the 1920s * Science and industry key, steamlined designs * Glass and steel common * Frank Lloyd Wright * Guggenheim Museum, New York * “A World Gone Gaga” * Seemed nonsensical, but protested the madness of war * Goal is to overthrow all authority and cultivate absurdity * Hoped to shock and awaken the imagination * * Grew out of Freudian free-association and dream analysis * Incorporated the bizarre and irrational to express the real truths * Main proponent was Salvador Dali * Salvador Dali, The Visage of War * Abstract Expressionism: stressed energy, action, kineticism, and freneticism * Reaction to World War II and typical images * Jackson Pollock * abandoned the paintbrush to slosh pour, and drip * Jackson Pollock, Lavender Mist No. 1 * Determine subjects directly from Pop Culture * Shiny colors, snappy designs, large size * Best example: Andy Warhol *