Transcript 100

Ecology
Cells- Structure,
function,
membranes,
different types
Plant systems
Animal
Systems
Evolution and
Classification- natural
selection, speciation,
classification
Labs
Animal
Systems
Labs
Evolution
and
Classification
Ecology
Cells
Plant
Systems
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Double Jeopardy!
Ecology
What
phenomenon
is
exemplified
by the
figure?
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Ecology
What is
biomagnification?
Back
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Ecology
In a certain community, the absence of
a hawk leads to the increase in the
snake population, which leads to a
decrease in the mouse population
followed by an increase in the
grasshopper population and finally a
decrease in the plant population.
What model does this situation
exemplify?
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Ecology
What is the top-down
model?
Back
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Ecology
What pattern of
dispersion
would these
fish most
likely exhibit
within their
population’s
geographic
range?
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Ecology
What is uniform?
Back
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Ecology
During the summer, lakes with
winter ice cover consist of
warm surface water, cold
bottom water, and this
vertical zone of rapid
temperature change between
the warm and cold water.
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Ecology
What is a thermocline?
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Ecology
____ ________ is determined by
the amount of solar radiation,
temperature, and water
availability and is high in areas
with abundant rainfall and high
temperatures. It and tree
species richness have a positive
correlation.
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Ecology
What is actual
evapotranspiration?
Back
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Cells
One difference between plant
cells is that the centrosomes
of an animal cell contain a
pair of this structure while
the centrosomes of an
animal cell lack them.
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Cells
What are centrioles?
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Cells
These molecules of an
animal cell plasma
membrane are specifically
recognized by other cells
and help cells to recognize
one another.
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Cells
What are
glycoproteins?
Back
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Cells
This type of intercellular
junction in animal tissues that
fastens cells together are
anchored to the cytoplasm by
intermediate filaments made
of keratin proteins
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Cells
What are
desmosomes?
Back
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Cells
Plant cells contain a primary
cell wall and sometimes a
secondary cell wall, and
between the primary cell
walls of adjacent plant cells is
this thin layer of
polysaccharides called
pectins.
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Cells
What is the middle
Lamella?
Back
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Cells
In this type of endocytosis in
animal cells, the cell
“gulps” droplets of
extracellular fluid to obtain
the dissolved molecules
within these droplets that
the cell needs. $500
Cells
What is pinocytosis?
Back
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Plant Systems
This organ, indicated by the red
arrows, is the first to emerge
from a germinating seed.
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Plant Systems
What is the radicle?
Back
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Plant Systems
These supporting cells are
located in parts of the plant
that have stopped growing in
length. They have thick
secondary walls that are
typically strengthened by
ligin.
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Plant Systems
What are sclerenchyma
cells?
Back
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Plant Systems
Besides the outside air, this
part of the plant has the
lowest water potential.
This difference in water
potential helps drive xylem
sap up a tree.
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Plant Systems
What are the air spaces
of leaves?
Back
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Plant Systems
The signal transduction pathway in
plants beginning with light activated
phytochromes that use either cGMP
or opening of the calcium ion
channels to activate specific protein
kinases. The protein kinases lead to
the activation of transcription factors
that lead to the expression of
proteins that function in this
response.
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Plant Systems
What is the deetiolation response?
Back
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Plant Systems
This plant hormone is found in
the leaves, stems, roots, and
green fruit of a plant and is
responsible for inhibiting
plant growth, closing stomata
during water stress, and
promoting seed dormancy.
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Plant Systems
What is abscisic acid?
Back
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Animal Systems
Most ATP in an animal’s
energy budget is formed
as a result of the _____
of organic fuel
molecules.
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Animal Systems
What is oxidation?
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Animal Systems
In insects, other arthropods,
and most mollusks this
substance, which has no
distinction between blood and
interstital fluid, bathes
organisms directly, creating
an open circulatory system.
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Animal Systems
What is hemolymph?
Back
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Animal Systems
To what type of
animal does
this type of
circulatory
system belong?
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Animal Systems
What are amphibians?
Back
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Animal Systems
Class I MHC molecules
displaying a bound
peptide antigen is
recognized by what
type of cell?
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Animal Systems
What are cytoxic T
cells?
Back
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Animal Systems
In the human kidney, 80% of
nephrons consist of cortical
nephrons that have loops of Henel
that extend only into the renal
cortex, the other 20% of nephrons
are ______ nephrons that have
well developed loops of Henel that
extend into the renal medulla.
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Animal Systems
What are
juxtamediallary?
Back
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Labs
This phase is
the longest
stage of
mitosis and
lasts about
twenty
P
I
minutes.
M
A
T
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Labs
What is metaphase?
Back
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Labs
In the transformation lab,
bacteria were able to grow
with ampicillin due to the
addition of an antibiotic
resistant gene to the bacteria
via this.
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Labs
What is plasmid?
Back
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Labs
When using
chromatography to
separate the pigments of
a plant, this pigment
travels the shortest
distance up the paper.
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Labs
What is chlorophyll b?
Back
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Labs
Based on the ratio
of red eyed flies
to sepia eyed
flies, we can
determine that
the parents’
genotypes are
________
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Labs
What are
heterozygous?
Back
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Labs
Subtracting these two
measurements will
give us _______.
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Labs
What is respiration?
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Evolution and Classification
The conditions for self-replicating
molecules and a metabolism like
source for the building blocks
were provided by these
combined abiotically produced
molecules that are surrounded
by a membrane-like structure.
These structures can reproduce,
metabolize, and maintain some
degree of homeostasis.$100
Evolution and Classification
What are protobionts?
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Evolution and Classification
These kinds of homologous
genes were passed from
one generation to the
next but were separated
into different gene pools
as a result of speciation.
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Evolution and Classification
What are orthologous
genes?
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Evolution and Classification
This biologist observed that species
change over time as a result of
the individuals adapting to their
environments. He believed that
the traits an organism acquires
due to a changing environment
were passed on to the next
generation.
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Evolution and Classification
Who is Lamarck?
Back
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Evolution and Classification
This process, in which green algae and red
algae were ingested by food vacuoles of
heterotrophic eukaryotes, led to the
diversification of plastids that exists in
plastid-bearing organisms today.
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Evolution and Classification
What is secondary
endosymbiosis?
Back
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Evolution and Classification
This animal phylum
lacks true tissues?
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Evolution and Classification
What is porifera?
Back
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Double
Jeopardy!!!
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Cell division:
mitosis and
meiosis
Molecular genetics transcription,
translation, DNA
structure & replication,
genetics
Biotechnology
Things we didn’t
cover
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Cell
Division
Molecular
Genetics
Biotechnology
Things we
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Final Jeopardy!
Photosynthesis
In noncyclic electron flow, this
structure contains P700 to
supply the electrons for the
primary acceptor, and the
output of this part of
noncyclic electron flow
consists of NADPH.
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Photosynthesis
What is photosystem I?
Back
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Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a is
almost identical
to chlorophyll b,
except
chlorophyll b
contains this
molecule
instead of CH3.
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Photosynthesis
What is CHO?
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Photosynthesis
This five carbon sugar is the
one to which carbon dioxide
molecules attach at the
beginning of the Calvin cycle.
It is also regenerated at the
end of the Calvin cycle so
that it may begin again.
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Photosynthesis
What is RuBP?
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Photosynthesis
These kinds of plants open
their stomata at night and
close them during the day.
Cacti and pineapples are
examples of this type of
plant.
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Photosynthesis
What are CAM Plants?
Back
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Photosynthesis
Unlike the mitochondria, where
the intermembrane space
acts as the reservoir for
protons, the reservoir for
protons in chloroplasts is the
_______ _____
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Photosynthesis
Thylakoid Space
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Respiration
This electron acceptor
is only found in the
citric acid cycle.
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Respiration
What is FAD?
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Respiration
The remainder of
electron carriers
between ubiquinone
and oxygen are these
proteins.
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Respiration
What are cytochromes?
Back
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Respiration
These macromolecules are
the only ones that can
be catabolized by going
straight into the citric
acid cycle.
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Respiration
What are proteins?
Back
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Respiration
In glycolysis and the citric
acid cycle, a smaller
amount of ATP is
produced through this
process.
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Respiration
What is substrate-level
phosphorylation?
Back
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Respiration
The electron transport chain
gradually changes ___
____ in the transition from
H2 + ½ O2 to H2O so that
the release of heat and
light energy is not
explosive.
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Respiration
What is free energy?
Back
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Cell Division
In order for a kinase (a
protein that activates
or inactivates other
molecules via
phosphorylation) to
be activated it must
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Cell Division
What is a cyclin?
Back
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Cell Division
It is hypothesized that
mitosis evolved from this
manner of asexual
reproduction carried out by
prokaryotes with a couple
of processes by other
organisms in between.
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Cell Division
What is binary fission?
Back
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Cell Division
During anaphase,
these microtubules
shorten at their ends
rather than the ends
of the spindle poles.
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Cell Division
What are kinetochores?
Back
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Cell Division
Unlike the
chromosomes in
mitosis, the
chromosomes in
meiosis are _____.
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Cell Division
What are paired?
Back
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Cell Division
What is the name of the
short microtubules
surrounding the
centrosomes during cell
division?
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Cell Division
What are asters?
Back
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Molecular Genetics
These noncoding repetitions
of short nucleotide
sequences at the end of
human DNA protect DNA
from erosion caused by
repeated DNA replication.
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Molecular Genetics
Telomeres
Back
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Molecular Genetics
According to the ________ model, both
strands of the paternal DNA molecule
separate to serve as a template for
new, complementary strands. The
strands of the first replication contain
one strand of parent DNA and one of
the new, complementary strand. After
the second replication there are two of
the aforementioned and two containing
all new DNA strands.
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Molecular Genetics
What is
semiconservative?
Back
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Molecular Genetics
This small organic molecule is
important in positive gene
regulation in E. coli by activating
a regulatory protein called the
catabolic activator protein in E.
coli, which inhibits the lac
operator by blocking the RNA
polymerase from transcribing.
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Molecular Genetics
What is cAMP?
Back
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Molecular Genetics
Which of the sites on a
translating ribosome
does an incoming tRNA
molecule fit into when it
brings a new amino
acid?
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Molecular Genetics
What is the A site?
Back
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Molecular Genetics
The ____-_ ___, in addition to
the 5’ cap of an mRNA
molecule, facilitate export of
mRNA from the nucleus,
protect the mRNA from
hydrolytic enzymes, and help
ribosomes attach to the 5’
end of the mRNA.
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Molecular Genetics
What is poly-A tail?
Back
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Biotechnology
These double stranded
RNA molecules turn off
genes with the same
sequence and thus
inhibit gene expression.
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Biotechnology
What are small
interfering RNAs?
Back
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Biotechnology
These proteins have
many amino acids
with a positive
charge and bind to
negatively charged
DNA. They help
determine
chromosome
structure.
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Biotechnology
What are histones?
Back
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Biotechnology
The molecules at
the bottom of
the gel are at
the bottom
because they
are _____ than
those at the
top.
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Biotechnology
What is shorter?
Back
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Biotechnology
These synthetic structures
called ____ ________
________ an origin site for
replication, a centromere,
and two telomeres with
foreign DNA.
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Biotechnology
What are yeast
artificial
chromosomes?
Back
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Biotechnology
In the DNA sequencing method
dideoxy chain termination,
these will randomly insert
themselves on a growing DNA
strand that is complementary
to the template DNA strand
instead of a
deoxyribonucleotide.
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Biotechnology
What are
dideoxyribonucleotides?
Back
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Things we didn’t cover
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Things we didn’t cover
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This type of RNA in a
eukaryotic cell is part of a
complex of protein and RNA
that recognizes signal
peptides attached to
polypeptides destined to go
to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Things we didn’t cover
What is SRP RNA?
Back
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Things we didn’t cover
These kinds of sensory
receptors detect physical
deformation caused by
stimuli including touch,
pressure, stretch,
motion, or sound.
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Things we didn’t cover
What are
mechanoreceptors?
Back
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These types of eyes are
found on insects and
crustaceans.
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What are compound
eyes?
Back
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For animals of a given body
mass, _______ is the
most energy-efficient
method of locomotion
while running is the least
energy efficient.
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What is swimming?
Back
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Final
Jeopardy!!!
Final Jeopardy!!!
In cellular communication,
this secondary messenger
activates the gated calcium
channel attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum,
causing it to release calcium
ions, another secondary
Final Jeopardy!!!
What is IP3?