Transcript Organic Compounds

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
AKA. MACROMOLECULES
MRS. TAKTAK / MRS. STOREY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY = CARBON
CHEMISTRY
• Carbon is the most important
element to living things!
CHNOPS (these are the 6 most
common).
• Carbon has an Atomic # of 6
(sketch out a carbon atom)
• How many bonds can it readily
form?
Carbon Compounds
AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• Carbon compounds are what makes
up most of our bodies….(we’ll get to
that later). What makes them unique
are the functional groups at the ends.
• -OH (hydroxyl group) makes alcohols
• -COOH (carboxyl group) makes proteins
• -NH3 (Amine group) makes proteins
• -PO4 (phosphate group) makes
phospholipids
WORD-STEMS TO MEMORIZE
Mono = one
synth = to make
- mer = unit
-sis = process of
Poly = many
lysis = to break
De = remove
Hydra = water
- tion = process of
MAKING AND BREAKING
POLYMERS
SEE POP BEAD DEMO!
THE MACROMOLECULES ARE…
• 1. Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
• 2. Lipids (Triglycerides,
phospholipids)
• 3. Proteins (polypeptides)
• 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
MAKING MACROMOLECULES
• Macromolecules are made by
covalently bonding monomers by
dehydration synthesis: where
water is removed from functional
groups on the monomers.
• Example) “pop-beads”
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS: LINKS
MONOMERS TOGETHER
H
OH
H
Monomer # 1
OH
Monomer # 2
Water !
HYDROLYSIS: BREAKING DOWN
COMPOUNDS BY ADDING WATER.
Water IN
H
OH
THE MACROMOLECULES ARE…
• 1. Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
• 2. Lipids (Triglycerides,
phospholipids)
• 3. Proteins (polypeptides)
• 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS AND
STARCHES)
• Carbohydrates have the general
formula [CH2O]n where n is a
variable.
• Function in short-term energy
storage (such as sugar); as
intermediate-term energy
storage (starch for plants and
glycogen for animals)
MORE WORD-STEMS
• Mono = one
• Sacchar = sugar
• -ose = sugar
• Di = two
• Poly = many
THE MONOMERS OF CARBS
• Sugars are the simplest
carbohydrates and are used to
make energy (metabolism).
• Monosaccharides are single
(mono=one) sugars.
• Ex) glucose (C6H12O6), and
fructose (same formula but
different structure than glucose).
STRUCTURES OF GLUCOSE
•
Diagram:
DISSACCHARIDES
• Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are chemically
bonded together.
• Ex. Sucrose = table sugar (glucose +
fructose)
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Polysaccharides are large molecules
composed of individual
monosaccharide units.
• Ex) starch, glycogen, cellulose
CELLULOSE UP CLOSE
LIPIDS
• Lipids are involved mainly with long-term
energy storage. They are generally
insoluble in water.
• Mostly contain C and H atoms.
• Secondary functions of lipids are as
structural components (the major
building block in cell membranes) and as
"messengers" (hormones) that play roles in
communications within and between
cells.
MONOMERS OF LIPIDS
• Fatty Acids!
• Long Hydrocarbon chains (nonpolar)
DIFFERENT FATTY ACIDS
1. Unsaturated = may be double
bonds between carbons.
• Less stable, liquid at room temp
2. Saturated = all carbons have
single covalent bonds with
Hydrogen.
• More stable, solid at room temp.
WHY AREN’T PLANTS FAT???
• Fats and oils function for energy
storage.
• Animals convert excess sugars
(beyond their glycogen storage
capacities) into fats ( saturated ).
• Most plants store excess sugars as
starch, although some seeds and
fruits have energy stored as oils
(e.g. corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil,
and sunflower oil).
POLYMERS OF LIPIDS
• Triglycerides
• Can be saturated or unsaturated.
• Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty
acid chains.
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Phospholipids are important
structural components of cell
membranes.
Structure:
• a phosphate group (PO4-) is
added to a glycerol body.
• Next are 2 non-polar tails.
STRUCTURE OF A PHOSPHOLIPID
Phosphate
“head”
Glycerol “body”
Fatty Acid “tails”
PROTEINS
• Proteins important in biological
systems as control and structural
elements.
• Contain C,H,O, and Nitrogen
• Example) enzymes, some hormones,
transport “bridges” across the cell
membrane, hair, hemoglobin (in
blood), meats, ……
THE MONOMERS OF PROTEINS
• The building block of any protein
is the amino acid.
• There are 20 A.A’s and we only
make 12 of them. (where do we
get the rest?)
• has an amino end (NH2) and a
carboxyl end (COOH).
STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID
EXAMPLE OF AMINO ACIDS
HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS LINKED?
• Dehydration Synthesis? Yes, but for
proteins there is a special name for the
bonds that are formed….
• Amino acids are linked together by joining
the amino end of one molecule to the
carboxyl end of another.
• Thus, the formation of a type of covalent
bond known as a peptide bond.
THE PEPTIDE BOND
TIME FOR YOUR OWN RESEARCH!
• Use your textbook to research the
4(5) types of Proteins.
• Divide your paper into 4 sections.
• Use “curly ribbon” to create an
example for each structure. (2 for
the secondary structure)
• Write an explanation for each
structure.
POLYPEPTIDES 4 TYPES!!!
Amino acids are linked together into a
polypeptide.
1. Primary Structure (single strand)
2. Secondary Structure (alpha helix or
pleated sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure (folded helixes,
sheets)
4. Quartenary Structure (2 or more
polypeptides together)
ENZYMES: SPECIAL PROTEINS
• Catalysts = anything that will speed up
a reaction
• enzymes Protein molecules that act as
catalysts in biochemical reactions.
• Enzymes will only work under
• Specific temperatures
• Specific pH
HOW DO THEY WORK???
• Each enzyme has a very specific
structure!
• It will only bond to a specific molecule.
• Once it bonds to the molecule (called a
substrate), it breaks it into 2 pieces.
• Then, it binds to another and repeats
the process until there are no more
substrates left to break.
PICTURES…
•
CLARIFICATION
• The substrate fits into the enzyme like a
key fits into a lock.
• The enzyme then breaks or builds the
substrate into 2 usable molecules
called the products.
• Example…..Can we easily digest
sucrose (table sugar) into our cells?
How about lactose??? How might
enzymes play a role in this digestive
process?????
NUCLEIC ACIDS (A SHORT REVIEW)
• Nucleic acids are polymers
composed of monomer units known
as nucleotides. Ex) DNA and RNA
• The functions of the nucleotides are
mainly to:
1.store genetic information
2. To play an integral part of protein
synthesis
WHAT IS A NUCLEOTIDE?
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate.
WHAT SUGARS?
• In DNA, the sugar is called: Deoxyribose.
• In RNA, the sugar is called: Ribose.
• These are both (5 carbon) sugars which
is why the shape is a pentagon!
• The sugars and phosphates link together
to form the “backbone” of the ladders
for DNA and RNA.
WHAT ARE NITROGENOUS BASES?
• There are 5 bases that contain
nitrogen, and make up the
“rungs” of the ladders.
• For DNA: These bases are;
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine
• In RNA: The Thymine is replaced
with Uracil