Transcript 02-3 Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds
Carbon Bonding
• Carbon is the most important element to
living things! CHNOPS (these are the 6 most
common).
• Carbon had an Atomic # of 6 (sketch out a
carbon atom)
• How many bonds does can it readily form?
Carbon Compounds
• Carbon can make four bonds
• It can make single, double, or triple bonds
Carbon Compounds
and Functional Groups
• Carbon compounds are what makes up most of our
bodies….(we’ll get to that later). What makes them
unique are the functional groups at the ends.
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-OH (hydroxyl group) makes alcohols
-COOH (carboxyl group) makes proteins
-NH3 (Amine group) makes proteins
-PO4 (phosphate group) makes phospholipids
Word-stems to memorize
Mono = one
- mer = unit
Poly = many
De = remove
Hydra = water
- tion = process of
synth = to
-sis = process of
lysis = to break
What is a macromolecule?
• A large Polymer (Carbon-based) which is
composed of smaller units (monomers)
Making macromolecules
• Macromolecules are made by
covalently bonding monomers by
dehydration synthesis: where
water is removed from functional
groups on the monomoers.
• Example) “pop-beads”
Dehydration Synthesis: Links
monomers together
H
OH
H
Monomer # 1
OH
Monomer # 2
Water !
Hydrolysis: Breaking down
compounds by adding water.
Water IN
H
OH
The Macromolecules are…
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1. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
2. Lipids (Triglycerides, phospholipids)
3. Proteins (polypeptides)
4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates have the general formula
[CH2O]n where n is a number between 3 and
6.
• Function in short-term energy storage (such
as sugar); as intermediate-term energy
storage (starch for plants and glycogen for
animals), and sometimes structure
More Word-stems
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Mono = one
Sacchar = sugar
-ose = sugar
Di = two
Poly = many
The Monomers of Carbs
• Sugars are the simplest carbohydrates.
• Monosaccharides are single (mono=one)
sugars.
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galacotose
• Ex) glucose (C6H12O6), and fructose (same
formula but different structure than glucose).
Structures of Glucose
•
Diagram:
Dissaccharides
• Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are chemically bonded
together.
Examples:
• Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
• Lactose (glucose+galactose)
• Maltose (glucose+glucose)
• Ex. Sucrose = table sugar (glucose +
fructose)
Sucrose
Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are large molecules
composed of individual monosaccharide
units.
• Ex) starch, glycogen, cellulose
Cellulose up close
Lipids
• Lipids are involved mainly with long-term energy
storage. They are generally insoluble in polar
substances such as water.
• Mostly contain C and H atoms.
• Secondary functions of lipids are as structural
components (the major building block in cell
membranes) and as "messengers" (hormones) that
play roles in communications within and between
cells.
Monomers of lipids
• Fatty Acids!
• Long Hydrocarbon chains (nonpolar)
Different fatty acids
1. Unsaturated = may be double bonds
between carbons.
• Less stable, liquid at room temp
2. Saturated = all carbons have single
covalent bonds with Hydrogen.
• More stable, solid at room temp.
Why aren’t plants fat???
• Fats and oils function for energy storage.
• Animals convert excess sugars (beyond their
glycogen storage capacities) into fats (
saturated ).
• Most plants store excess sugars as starch,
although some seeds and fruits have energy
stored as oils (e.g. corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil,
and sunflower oil).
Word Stem Time!!!!
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Tri = three
Philo = love
Glyc – sweet Phobia = fear of
-ol – alcohol
Phopho- Phosphate
Hydro = water
Polymers of lipids
• Triglycerides
• Can be saturated or unsaturated.
• Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid
chains.
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Phospholipids
• Phospholipids are important structural
components of cell membranes.
Structure:
• a phosphate group (PO4-) is added to a
glycerol body.
• Next are 2 non-polar tails.
Structure of a phospholipid
Phosphate
“head”
Glycerol “body”
Fatty Acid “tails”
Proteins
• Proteins important in biological systems as
control and structural elements.
• Contain C,H,O, and Nitrogen
• Example) enzymes, some hormones,
transport “bridges” across the cell membrane,
hair, hemoglobin (in blood), meats, ……
Protein Word stems
• En = in
• Zyme = yeast
• Amine = has nitrogen
The monomers of Proteins
• The building block of any protein is
the amino acid.
• There are 20 A.A’s and we only
make 12 of them. (where do we get
the rest?)
• has an amino end (NH2) and a
carboxyl end (COOH).
Structure of an Amino Acid
Example of Amino Acids
How are Amino Acids Linked?
• Dehydration Synthesis? Yes, but for proteins there is
a special name for the bonds that are formed….
• Amino acids are linked together by joining the amino
end of one molecule to the carboxyl end of another.
• Thus, the formation of a type of covalent bond known
as a peptide bond.
The Peptide bond
Time for your own Research!
• Use your textbook to research the 4(5)
types of Proteins.
• Divide your paper into 4 sections.
• Use “curly ribbon” to create an example for
each structure. (2 for the secondary
structure)
• Write an explanation for each structure.
Polypeptides 4 types!!!
Amino acids are linked together into a polypeptide.
1. Primary Structure (single strand)
2. Secondary Structure (alpha helix or pleated
sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure (folded helixes, sheets)
4. Quartenary Structure (2 or more polypeptides
together)
Enzymes: Special Proteins
• Catalysts = anything that will speed up a reaction
• enzymes Protein molecules that act as catalysts
in biochemical reactions.
• Enzymes will only work under
• Specific temperatures
• Specific pH
How do they work???
• Each enzyme has a very specific structure!
• It will only bond to a specific molecule.
• Once it bonds to the molecule (called a
substrate), it breaks it into 2 pieces.
• Then, it binds to another and repeats the
process until there are no more substrates
left to break.
Pictures…
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Clarification
• The substrate fits into the enzyme like a
key fits into a lock.
• The enzyme then breaks the substrate into
2 usable molecules called the products.
• Example…..Can we easily digest sucrose
(table sugar) into our cells? How about
lactose??? How might enzymes play a
role in this digestive process?????
Nucleic Acids (a short review)
• Nucleic acids are polymers composed of
monomer units known as nucleotides.
• The functions of the nucleotides are mainly
to:
1.store information and
2. To play an integral part of protein synthesis
What is a nucleotide?
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate.
What sugars?
• In DNA, the sugar is called: Deoxyribose.
• In RNA, the sugar is called: Ribose.
• These are both (5 carbon) sugars which is
why the shape is a pentagon!
• The sugars and phosphates link together to
form the “backbone” of the ladders for DNA
and RNA.
What are Nitrogenous bases?
• There are 5 bases that contain nitrogen, and
make up the “rungs” of the ladders.
• For DNA: These bases are;
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine
• In RNA: The Thymine is replaced with Uracil
Questions?
• “If you can write DNA, you're no longer
limited to 'what is' but to what you could
make. “