Transcript Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds
Mrs. Taktak
Carbon Bonding
• Carbon is the most important element
to living things! CHNOPS (these are
the 6 most common).
• Carbon had an Atomic # of 6 (sketch
out a carbon atom)
• How many bonds does can it readily
form?
Carbon Compounds
and Functional Groups
• Carbon compounds are what makes up most
of our bodies….(we’ll get to that later).
What makes them unique are the functional
groups at the ends.
• -OH (hydroxyl group) makes alcohols
• -COOH (carboxyl group) makes proteins
• -NH3 (Amine group) makes proteins
• -PO4 (phosphate group) makes
phospholipids
Word-stems to memorize
Mono = one
synth = to make
- mer = unit
-sis = process of
Poly = many
lysis = to break
De = remove
Hydra = water
- tion = process of
Making macromolecules
• Macromolecules are made by
covalently bonding monomers by
dehydration synthesis: where water is
removed from functional groups on the
monomoers.
• Example) “pop-beads”
Dehydration Synthesis: Links
monomers together
H
OH
H
Monomer # 1
OH
Monomer # 2
Water !
Hydrolysis: Breaking down
compounds by adding water.
Water IN
H
OH
The Macromolecules are…
• 1. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
• 2. Lipids (Triglycerides,
phospholipids)
• 3. Proteins (polypeptides)
• 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates have the general
formula [CH2O]n where n is a number
between 3 and 6.
• Function in short-term energy storage
(such as sugar); as intermediate-term
energy storage (starch for plants and
glycogen for animals)
More Word-stems
•
•
•
•
•
Mono = one
Sacchar = sugar
-ose = sugar
Di = two
Poly = many
The Monomers of Carbs
• Sugars are the simplest carbohydrates.
• Monosaccharides are single
(mono=one) sugars.
• Ex) glucose (C6H12O6), and fructose
(same formula but different structure
than glucose).
Structures of Glucose
•
Diagram:
Dissaccharides
• Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are chemically bonded
together.
• Ex. Sucrose = table sugar (glucose +
fructose)
Sucrose
Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are large molecules
composed of individual monosaccharide
units.
• Ex) starch, glycogen, cellulose
Cellulose up close
Lipids
• Lipids are involved mainly with long-term
energy storage. They are generally insoluble
in polar substances such as water.
• Mostly contain C and H atoms.
• Secondary functions of lipids are as
structural components (the major building
block in cell membranes) and as
"messengers" (hormones) that play roles in
communications within and between cells.
Monomers of lipids
• Fatty Acids!
– Long Hydrocarbon chains (non-polar)
Different fatty acids
1. Unsaturated = may be double
bonds between carbons.
– Less stable, liquid at room temp
2. Saturated = all carbons have single
covalent bonds with Hydrogen.
– More stable, solid at room temp.
Why aren’t plants fat???
• Fats and oils function for energy storage.
• Animals convert excess sugars (beyond
their glycogen storage capacities) into
fats ( saturated ).
• Most plants store excess sugars as starch,
although some seeds and fruits have
energy stored as oils (e.g. corn oil,
peanut oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil).
Word Stem Time!!!!
•
•
•
•
•
Tri = three
Philo = love
Glyc – sweet Phobia = fear of
-ol – alcohol
Phopho- Phosphate
Hydro = water
Polymers of lipids
• Triglycerides
– Can be saturated or unsaturated.
– Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid
chains.
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Phospholipids
• Phospholipids are important structural
components of cell membranes.
Structure:
• a phosphate group (PO4-) is added to a
glycerol body.
• Next are 2 non-polar tails.
Structure of a phospholipid
Phosphate
“head”
Glycerol “body”
Fatty Acid “tails”
Proteins
• Proteins important in biological
systems as control and structural
elements.
• Contain C,H,O, and Nitrogen
• Example) enzymes, some hormones,
transport “bridges” across the cell
membrane, hair, hemoglobin (in
blood), meats, ……
Protein Word stems
• En = in
• Zyme = yeast
• Amine = has nitrogen
The monomers of Proteins
• The building block of any protein is
the amino acid.
• There are 20 A.A’s and we only make
12 of them. (where do we get the
rest?)
• has an amino end (NH2) and a carboxyl
end (COOH).
Structure of an Amino Acid
Example of Amino Acids
How are Amino Acids Linked?
• Dehydration Synthesis? Yes, but for proteins
there is a special name for the bonds that are
formed….
• Amino acids are linked together by joining the
amino end of one molecule to the carboxyl end
of another.
• Thus, the formation of a type of covalent bond
known as a peptide bond.
The Peptide bond
Time for your own Research!
• Use your textbook to research the 4(5)
types of Proteins.
• Divide your paper into 4 sections.
• Use “curly ribbon” to create an
example for each structure. (2 for the
secondary structure)
• Write an explanation for each
structure.
Polypeptides 4 types!!!
Amino acids are linked together into a
polypeptide.
1. Primary Structure (single strand)
2. Secondary Structure (alpha helix or
pleated sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure (folded helixes, sheets)
4. Quartenary Structure (2 or more
polypeptides together)
Enzymes: Special Proteins
• Catalysts = anything that will speed up a
reaction
• enzymes Protein molecules that act as
catalysts in biochemical reactions.
• Enzymes will only work under
– Specific temperatures
– Specific pH
How do they work???
• Each enzyme has a very specific
structure!
• It will only bond to a specific
molecule.
• Once it bonds to the molecule (called a
substrate), it breaks it into 2 pieces.
• Then, it binds to another and repeats
the process until there are no more
substrates left to break.
Pictures…
•
Clarification
• The substrate fits into the enzyme like a key
fits into a lock.
• The enzyme then breaks the substrate into 2
usable molecules called the products.
• Example…..Can we easily digest sucrose
(table sugar) into our cells? How about
lactose??? How might enzymes play a role
in this digestive process?????
Enzyme Lab Safety/Info.
• 1. Read your procedure and have it with you
throughout the lab!!!
• 2. Where goggles when heating test tubes and
when dropping potato into boiling water!!
• 3. Place all leftover solids in a paper towel and
place in garbage
• 4. Clean up your mess!!!!!!!
(Black powder is messy, so be careful!)
Lab write up
• Conclusion:
1. What was the purpose of test tube 1?
2. Why was there a difference between
the solid potato and ground up potato?
3. What appears to be the reactants and
products that the enzyme is working
on?
4. Why did the boiled potato not work?
5. Why did the boiled black powder still
work?
Nucleic Acids (a short review)
• Nucleic acids are polymers composed
of monomer units known as
nucleotides.
• The functions of the nucleotides are
mainly to:
1.store information and
2. To play an integral part of protein
synthesis
What is a nucleotide?
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate.
What sugars?
• In DNA, the sugar is called:
Deoxyribose.
• In RNA, the sugar is called: Ribose.
• These are both (5 carbon) sugars which
is why the shape is a pentagon!
• The sugars and phosphates link
together to form the “backbone” of the
ladders for DNA and RNA.
What are Nitrogenous bases?
• There are 5 bases that contain nitrogen,
and make up the “rungs” of the
ladders.
• For DNA: These bases are;
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine
• In RNA: The Thymine is replaced with
Uracil
Study Guide:
1. Complete your homework
packets!!! Be able to understand
vocabulary!
2. Know your word stems!
3. Be able to recognize the structures
of:
–Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides,
phospholipids, and triglycerides!!!