Transcript CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2

Organic
Chemistry
Macromolecules
1
1. Compounds that are derived
from living things are called
organic compounds. All
__________
organic compounds contain the
carbon
element ___________.
Compounds that are not derived
from living things are called
inorganic
_____________
compounds.
2. Carbon is important in living
organisms because it can form
four different bonds on each
______
atom. It can form
single, double, and triple bonds
_________________________
and these bonds can create long
chains and rings
__________________.
3. A macromolecule is a large
molecule and is also called a
polymer A polymer is made
__________.
formed when many smaller
monomers bond
molecules or ___________
together.
4. The process that forms
polymers is called
polymerization and happens
________________
when a water molecule is
removed from two monomers.
• Forms polymers by combining
monomers by “removing water”.
HO
H
HO
H
H2O
HO
H
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5. The process that breaks down
polymers into monomers is
called hydrolysis
___________ and happens
when a water molecule is added
back to the polymer.
• Separates monomers by “adding
water”
HO
H
H2O
HO
H
HO
H
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6. The four macromolecules found
in organisms are:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
7. Carbohydrates
_______________ are the main
energy source for our bodies.
They are made of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio
of C-H-O in a carbohydrate is
1:2:1. Ex-C6H12O6 The
monomers of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides or
called ___________________
simple sugars
_______________.
8. There are three main types of
carbohydrates.
monosaccharides
_________________ are single sugars or
simple sugars. Ex- glucose, galactose,
fructose
disaccharides are double sugars or a
– ______________
combination of two monosaccharides.
sucrose
Ex-________(table
sugar) is glucose +
lactose
fructose ________(milk
sugar) is glucose
+ galactose
–
c. Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars
cellulose in
combined together. Ex- _________
glycogen in animals.
plants and _________
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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Lipids are macromolecules that
9. ______
also contain carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen. They are
commonly called
fats, oils and waxes Lipids are
____________________.
used for long term energy
storage in living things as well
as insulation, shock absorbers
and protective coatings. The
monomers of lipids are
three fatty acid chains and one
_______________________________
glycerol
_________
Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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10.There are two types of fatty
acids that are found in lipids.
_________ fatty acids are derived
Saturated
from animals and are solid at
room temperature. They form
more ______
single bonds in their
Unsaturated_fatty acids
chains. ___________
are derived from plants and are
liquid at room temperature.
double bonds
They form more _______
in their chains.
Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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11.Proteins are macromolecules
that are made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
They form
tissues,
organs, hair, skin,
_______________________________
scales,
hooves and fingernails
___ _________________________.
Amino acids are the monomers
of proteins. The bonds in
between amino acids that hold
them together are called
peptide bonds.
________
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
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Enzymes are special proteins
12._________
that speed up chemical
reactions in your body. They are
_________.
catalysts
13. The molecule that the
substrate
enzymes is called the _________.
The enzyme will change shape so
that the substrate can be broken
down into its component parts
more easily. The enzyme is not
affected and can be used again
on the same type of substrate.
Each enzyme fits specifically to
one type of substrate.
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14.Enzymes and the molecules
that they act upon fit together
lock and key The
like a “_____________”.
_________
enzyme is the lock and the
substrate is the key.
__________
Nucleic acids are polymers
15.______________
that have nucleotides as their
monomers. Ex-DNA and RNA
16.Nucleotides are composed of a
_______________________________
5-carbon
sugar, phosphate group
_________________.
and
nitrogen base
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
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5
DNA - double helix
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
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16.DNA and RNA control the
proteins in your
production of ________
body. They hold all the
information to pass traits from
generation to the next.
one ___________