Transcript Organic Molecules Power Point

Organic
Molecules
The Chemistry of Life
What makes it ORGANIC?
• Molecules made up of mainly
CARBONs and HYDROGENs
– (w/other elements at times like O, N, P)
– Carbon’s special trait: Making 4 bonds
How many bonds?
4 Major Categories
1st: Carbohydrates
4 Major Categories
2nd: Proteins
4 Major Categories
3rd: Lipids
4 Major Categories
4th: Nucleic Acids
RNA and DNA
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides (Simple sugars):
– The smallest of sugars; taste sweet
– Single carbon ring
– Ex: Fructose,
Glucose (pictured)
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides
– Two monosaccharides chemically combined
– Ex: Sucrose (table sugar) , Lactose (in milk)
How they’re made:
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
How they’re made:
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
How they’re made:
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
– Large, long molecules
– Made up of many monosaccharides
– Found in plants:
• Starch
• Energy
storage
• Cellulose
• Structural
support
Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
– Large, long molecules
– Made up of many monosaccharides
– Found in animals:
• Glycogen
• Energy Storage
in muscle tissue
• Chitin
• Exoskeleton of
insects, arthropods
• Other
glycogen:
A note about some big
molecules:
 Some very large molecules are actually built out of
small, repeating units.
 Ex: This (**************************)
is made up of a bunch of these: (*)
 The repeating units are referred to as MONOMERS.
The large molecule is a POLYMER
 So, starch is a polymer made of monomers called
_______________ .
Lipids
Fatty, greasy, oily, or waxy
 Made of C,H, & some O


Insoluble in water
Lipids: 4 categories
Triglicerides/fats
 Phospholipids
 Waxes
 Steroids

Importance of LIPIDS
to humans:
Energy source
 Cushion vital organs
 Insulation
 Majority of cell membranes
 In some vitamins and hormones

Fats: Made from Fatty Acids

Carbon chains;

12-28 C long
Three types of Fatty Acids:
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
stearic acid
oleic acid
linolenic acid
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Dehydration
Synthesis
Triglyceride is
formed
Phospholipids

Main component of membranes of cells
and their organelles
2 FA tails
 1 Phosphate
group head

Steroids (Sterols)
4
fused
Carbon rings
 Some hormones (testosterone)
 Cholesterol – most familiar
○ Produced in liver & eaten
(meat, dairy products, etc.)
○ Found in cell membranes (reduces fluidity of
membrane) & in vertebrate brains
Cholesterol – LDL (Bad) Forms Plaque
Waxes

Firm consistency

Important in water-proofing
Review!
What
is the difference
between a saturated fat
and an unsaturated fat?
Why does the body need
cholesterol?
Where do you find
phospholipids?
PROTEINS
Building blocks for tissues
(more than a source for energy)
 Made of C, H, O, N, sometimes S
 Is a POLYMER

 Made of monomers called amino acids…
Types of amino acids
Here are the
20 amino
acids that
we have.
Notice the
tops are the
same, but
the colored
areas are
the different
R groups.
Protein Uses…
Functions of Proteins
Structural:
connective
tissue, hair,
nails
 You are
mostly
protein.

Functions of Proteins
Contractile
(Muscle tissue)

Functions of Proteins

Transport:
hemoglobin
(carries O2
and CO2)
Functions of Proteins

Some Hormones
like insulin, growth hormone
Another Function of Proteins
 Enzymes; facilitate chem. reactions (Rx).

Lock/Key model:
More about Enzymes

Allows
chem. Rx
to occur
with less
“Activation
energy”
More about Enzymes
1.
2.
Many end in “-ase”
Are catalysts: substance that initiates or accel.
a chem. Rx w/o itself being affected
3.
Important Characteristics:
1. Each unique: Used for Only 1 type Rx
2. Are reusable
3. Aren’t consumed in Rx
4. Can run Rx in reverse
What can mess up enzymes?
1.
2.


HEAT Think of a frying egg…
pH Very high/low pH’s sabotage
active sites on enzyme
This is called DENATURING
Is irreversible
Nucleic acids
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
– Genetic material; carries heredity –
codes for all proteins
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
– Similar in structure to DNA; used for
building of proteins
• Nucleic acids’ monomers:
Nucleotides (5 C sugar, P grp, nitrogenous
base)
What’s a calorie?
Unit used to measure energy
 The amount of energy it takes to raise 1
g of water 1ºC = 1 calorie
 One Kilocalorie (C) =
1000 calories (c)
Kcal is what’s on food labels.

What are
your
calorie
needs per
day?
What is
your BMR
(Base
Metabolic
Rate)?
Michael
Phelps, at
the height of
his training,
requires
12,000
Calories/day.
Caloric values…
• Carbohydrates and Proteins have
about the same caloric values per unit
vol.
– One gram of carbs
= 4 calories
– One gram of protein = 4 calories
– One gram of lipids
= 9 calories
• Lipids (fats), made for energy storage,
have a higher caloric value.
– One pound of fat = 3500 Calories.