Transcript CHAPTER 15: The Renaissance and Reformation

The Italian and Northern
Renaissance
and the Reformation
The Renaissance
An Era of Awakening
• Causes – ruins of Roman Empire, Byzantines
had preserved Greek and Roman learning,
trade with Asia and Africa
• The humanities – crucial approach to learning,
studied classics, admired human achievement
2
Italian Renaissance Writers
• Petrarch – Humanist- studied classical writers,
believed it is important to lead a full and
active life here on earth
• Machiavelli – Humanist
• Wrote “The Prince”- lack of concern for
conventional morality.
• A ruler should be concerned with only power
and political success.
3
Castiglione- Italian diplomat
“The Book of the Courtier”
- Unique in that he used real people engaged
in fictional conversations to explain how
gentlemen and gentlewomen should act in
polite society.
4
Italian Renaissance Artists
Used a techniques called perspective to make
the paintings look more lifelike.
Distant objects were smaller than the closer
objects, which created an illusion of depth
5
Italian Renaissance Artists
• Realistic scenes and images instead of
religious concerns as in Medieval paintings.
• Giotto- realistic paintings- lifelike
• Masaccio- used light and shadows to create
depth
6
Italian Renaissance Artists
Leonardo da Vinci – architect, painter, engineer,
scientist, sculptor
The Last Supper and Mona Lisa were his two
most famous paintings
Michelangelo – painter and sculptor
Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican
He wrote poetry and helped design St. Peter’s
Basilica in Rome
7
The Northern Renaissance
• Spread of ideas- printing
• Johannes Gutenberg – printing pressused movable type to print books, copies of the
Bible.
Scribes- did not like the printing press because it
threatened their career
8
Northern Renaissance Writers
• Desiderius Erasmus – studied early Christian as
well as classical culture
• Wrote The Praise of Folly in which he ridiculed
ignorance, superstition, and vice of Christians.
• Thomas More – Utopia- all male citizens were
equal and everyone worked for the community.
He was later executed by Henry VII because he
refused to agree he was the supreme head of the
Church. 400 years later named a saint of the
Catholic Church.
9
William Shakespeare – transformed well-known
stories into dramatic masterpieces.
He skillfully portrayed personality and human
emotion.
Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth
10
Northern Renaissance Artists
• The Flemish school- painters credited with
perfecting oil on canvas techniques.
• Great attention to detail, facial expressions
• Realistic human figures and subject matter.
• Brueghel the Elder- painted village scenes and
dances, also used paintings to criticize
intolerance and cruelty
11
Northern Renaissance Artists
Hans Holbein the Younger- painted portraits of
famous people. Thomas More, Henry VIII, Erasmus
12
The Protestant Reformation
• Causes – humanists urged believers who were
unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw
from the church and meet with like-minded
people
• The beginning – popes sold indulgences to
raise money
• Tetzel sent by the Pope to raise funds for the
church
13
Martin Luther
• Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the
selling of indulgences in 95 theses
• Break with the church – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther, Diet of Worms
• Edict of Worms
•
For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words
or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the
contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as
he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until
those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate
manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture
will be rewarded generously for their good work.
14
Charles V the Holy Roman emperor led the trial.
Martin was able to escape with the help of
Frederick the Wise
While in hiding Luther translated the Bible into
German
He established the Lutheran Church
His ministers were less important than Catholic
priests because he believed people could translate
for themselves.
15
The Spread of Protestantism
• Protestantism – the princes supporting Luther
protested the emperor’s treatment of him
• The rise of sects – societies of a few people
led by a preacher
• The Anglican Church – Henry VIII’s desire for a
divorce caused him to create the Church of
England which did grant the divorce
16
Calvinism
Zwingli- vicar of the cathedral of Switzerland met
with Luther- agreed with many things
Disagreed with forms of worship and religious
symbols
He died and his work was carried on by John Calvin
17
Calvinism
• Calvin’s church – The Institutes of the Christian
Religion emphasized predestination, righteous
living
• Calvinism spreads – Presbyterians
• Huguenots in France, minorities in Poland,
Hungary, Scotland, Netherlands, England,
North American colonies
18
1. Southern Baptist Convention: 16.2 million members
2. The United Methodist Church: 7.8 million members
3. The Church of God in Christ: 5.5 million members
4. National Baptist Convention: 5.0 million members
5. Evangelical Lutheran Church, U.S.A.: 4.5 million members
6. National Baptist Convention of America: 3.5 million members
7. Assemblies of God: 2.9 million members
8. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): 2.8 million members
9. African Methodist Episcopal Church: 2.5 million members
10. National Missionary Baptist Convention of America: 2.5 million
members
11. The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS): 2.3 million members
12. The Episcopal Church: 2.0 million members
13. Churches of Christ: 1.6 million members
14. Pentecostal Assemblies of the World: 1.5 million members
15. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church: 1.4 million members
19
The Counter-Reformation
• Counter-Reformation tactics – inquisition,
Index of Forbidden Books
• The Council of Trent – clarified doctrines,
emphasized ceremonies
• Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits
founded by Ignatius de Loyola
20
Results of the Religious Upheaval
• Diversity of churches appeared
• Education grew
• National governments gained more power
21