Transcript Introduction to Biology

Introduction to
Biology
The Scientific Study
of Life
Biology
• scientific study of life
• ranges from the molecular to the
global
–microscope to ecosystem
• includes diversity of life now & in the
past
Biological Subjects
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Cytology
Virology
Embryology
Anatomy
Physiology
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Botany
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Ichthyology
Microbiology
Zoology
Evolutionary
Biology
• Phylogeny
• Entomology
• Ecology
Organization
• 5 distinct
kingdoms
• Bacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Organization
• organisms are
placed into a
kingdom based
on their
characteristic
• all organisms in
a kingdom
possess the
same
Characteristics of Animalia Kingdom
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multicellular
eukaryotic cells
no cell walls
heterotrophsconsumers
Characteristics of Life
• properties shared by all living
things
• Cellular Organization
• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Growth & Reproduction
• Heredity
Cellular Organization
• all living things are
composed of cells
– tiny compartments
surrounded by a
membrane
• some are made up of
only one cell
• others have trillions
Metabolism
• all living things use
energy
• all energy originates from
the sun
• plants use this energy in
a process called
photosynthesis to make
sugars
• we eat plants or animals
that have eaten plants
• energy transferred to us
• transfer is metabolism
Homeostasis
• living things have
processes that
ensures internal
environment
remains stable
Growth & Reproduction
• all living things
must grow
• must reproduce
Heredity
• living things must have
genetic system found in
molecules of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
• determines properties of
organism
• genetic code is used to
pass information to
successive generations
• transmission of traits is
heredity
Organization of Life
Hierarchy of Organization
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Chemical or Molecular
Atomsmolecules
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Cells
basic unit of structure and function in living things
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Tissues
made of cells similar in structure & function working together to perform a specific activity
4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve
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Organs
made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity
Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
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Organ Systems
groups of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function
Human body has 11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory
(urinary), immune (lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive,
respiratory & skeletal
• Organisms
entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes
take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment
reproduce
usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one cell
Study of Biology
• special way of thinking
• uses empirical or scientific method
– self-correcting process for asking questions &
observing natures answers
• separates science from philosophy
Parts of the Scientific Method
• Observations
– made in the real world
• Question
– leads to a question about those observations
• Hypothesis
– testable assumption or prediction
• Test hypothesis
– conduct research
• Reaffirm theory
– reaffirm or disaffirm theory in relation to
outcome of research