Transcript 1.25 MB - KFUPM Resources

BIO 233
TEXT BOOK:
BIOLOGY- CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS:
WITHOUT PHYSIOLOGY
BY STARR, EVERS AND STARR
8TH EDITION-2011
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CLASS TIME : UT 10:00 – 10:50 am
LOCATION : Building 6- Room 163
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CHAPTER 1
INVITATION TO BIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
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Introduction
 In July 2007, Freeman Dyson a well known Physicist ,
wrote in The New York Review of books “It has become
part of the accepted wisdom to say that the twentieth
century was the century of physics and the twenty-first
century will be the century of biology”.
 "I predict that the domestication of biotechnology will
dominate our lives during the next fifty years at least as
much as the domestication of computers has
dominated our lives during the previous fifty years."
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 Nowadays we understand lots of things in a way that
were inconceivable 50 years ago.
 When I took this course 30 years ago, we did not know
50% of what we know now.
 I am mentioning this to you simply because the field of
biology is changing enormously in the last 4 decades.
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DIFINETION OF BIOLOGY:
Biology is the study of living things and their vital
processes.
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1.1 The Secret Life of Earth
 New species are discovered all the time.
 How do we know what species a particular organism
belong to?
 What is a species, anyway, and why should discovering
a new one matter to anyone other than scientist?
 You will find the answers to these questions in this
course and this book.
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 We routinely discovered hundreds of species every
year, but about 20 species extinct every minute in rain
forests alone.
 The current rate of extinctions is about 1,000 times
faster than normal.
 Human activities are responsible for the acceleration
of the extinction.
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A jungle hawk-owl as an example on species
resident in Indonesia forests
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1.2 The Science of Nature
Biologists study life by thinking about it at different
levels of organization.
Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
 Living things are too diverse, and they consist of the
same basic components as nonliving things.
 When we try to define life, we end up only identifying
the properties that differentiate living from non living
things.
 See Figure 1.2 in the next slide.
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Diversity of molecules
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A Pattern in Life’s Organization
Atoms : are fundamental building
blocks of all substances, living and nonliving.
Molecules : units in which atoms are
joined together ,such as carbohydrates,
proteins , lipids and nucleic acids.
Organelle : is a specialized subunit
within a cell that has a specific function
Cell – life starts here: is the smallest
unit of life that can survive and
reproduce on its own.
Tissues: an aggregation of similarly
specialized cells which together
perform certain special functions.
Organs: is a collection of tissues joined
in a structural unit to serve a common
function.
Organ System : is a group of organs
that work together to perform a certain
task.
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Multicelled Organism : an
individual form of life,
such as a plant, animal,
bacterium, protist, or
fungus.
Population: is a group of
individuals of the same type
of organisms, or species, in
a specified area.
Community : consist of all
populations of all species in
a specified area.
Ecosystem : community
interacting with its physical
and chemical environment.
Biosphere : the most
inclusive level –
encompasses all regions
of Earth’s crust, waters, and
atmosphere in which
organisms live.
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1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
- Continual
inputs of energy
and the cycling of materials
maintain life’s complex
organization.
- Organisms sense and
respond to change.
- All organisms use
information in the DNA they
inherited from parents to
function and reproduce.
Energy is the capacity to do
work.
Nutrients: is a substances that
an organism needs for growth
and survival but cannot make it
for itself.
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 Producers: they get energy and simple raw materials from
environmental sources and make their own food
(photosynthesis by plants as an example).
 Consumers: cannot make their own food, they get energy
and nutrients indirectly-by feeding on tissues, wastes, or
remains of other organisms.
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
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Organisms Sense and Respond to change
An organism cannot survive for very long in changing
environment unless it adapts to the changes.
Thus, every living things has the ability to sense and
respond to conditions both inside and outside of itself.
Example is the sugar level in your blood.
Homeostasis : set of processes by which an organism
keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges.
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Example on how organisms sense and respond to stimulation
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Organisms Use DNA
 DNA : the basis of inheritance.
 DNA holds information for building proteins from smaller
molecules, the amino acids.
 DNA guides the ongoing metabolic activities that sustain
the individual through its lifetime, such activities include
growth: increase in cell number, size and volume.
 Development: the process by which the first cell of a new
individual becomes a multicelled adult.
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 Reproduction: processes by which parents produce
offspring.
 Inheritance : refers to the transmission of DNA from
parents to offspring.
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