Transcript Ch 1 ppt old but good info - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

AP Biology
Mrs. Becker
Chapter 1
Introduction: Themes in the
Study of Life
What are Themes?
General
principles or ideas that
occur over and over.
“Themes” are not a test item,
but they are a framework to
organize the study of Biology.
AP Biology Themes
1. Science as a process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
AP Biology Themes
5. Relationship of Structure &
Function
6. Regulation
AP Biology Themes
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology and
Society
Why Themes?
We
will see the “themes” at
various times throughout the
course.
Themes can be the basis of
essay exams
Ex.
Regulation of …
Question
How
do we know what is
alive and what is not?
What
Life?
are the properties of
General Properties of Life









1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development
4. Energy Utilization
5. Response to the Environment
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
8. The cell is the basic unit of life
9. Organisms die
1. Order
Living
things are highly
organized in structure and
function.
Analyzing
a biological
structure gives us clues
about what it does and
how it works
Structure
and Function are
related at all levels
2. Reproduction
Organisms
kind.
reproduce their own
Life
on Earth uses the nucleic
acid and code for Heritable
Information.
3. Growth & Development
Organisms increase in size
and complexity.
Growth
- increase in size.
Development - increase in
complexity.
Life - grows by internal
changes.
4. Energy Processing
Organisms
take in energy and
transform it to do work.
Organisms
are “open”
systems, they must
continually take in energy.
5. Response To Environment
Organisms
respond to
changes or stimuli in their
environment.
The
speed of the
response may be “fast” or
“slow”.
6. Regulation
Life
processes must be controlled
and adjusted.
Organisms maintain their internal
environment within tolerable limits
by homeostasis.
“homeo” = same
“stasis” = state
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
Organisms
change over time
because of their adaptations
to their environment.
Organisms
must have
adaptations, move, or die!
Is this a “good”
adaptation?
8. The Cell Is the “basic unit”
of Life
9. Organisms Die or become
non-life.
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary
adaptation
Regulation
Energy
processing
Reproduction
Growth and
development
New properties emerge at each level in the
biological hierarchy
• Life can be studied at different levels from
molecules to the entire living planet
• The study of life can be divided into different
levels of biological organization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-4
The biosphere
Cells
10 µm
Organs and
organ systems
Cell
Ecosystems
Organelles
Communities
1 µm
Atoms
Tissues
50 µm
Molecules
Populations
Organisms
• Stepping stair on board
The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of life
• “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the
light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
• Evolution unifies biology at different scales of
size throughout the history of life on Earth
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Organizing the Diversity of Life
• Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands
more are identified each year
• Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from 10 million to over 100
million
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names
and classifies species into groups of increasing
breadth
• Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the
broadest units of classification
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-14
Species Genus Family Order
Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
The Three Domains of Life
• The three-domain system is currently used,
and replaces the old five-kingdom system
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
comprise the prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic
organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15
(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
• The domain Eukarya includes one Kingdom
that is unicellular/colonial and three
multicellular kingdoms
• - Protista
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Animalia
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15c
Protists
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Animalia
Science is:
A
process.
A way of “knowing”
Based on observations and
experiments
Observations:
Are
the “keystone” to Science.
If it can’t be “observed”, it can’t
be studied by the Scientific
Method.
Can be made through your
senses or through the use of
tools.
Two types of Science
1. Discovery or Descriptive
Science
Naturalists,
human genome
Based on observations, but may
lead to experiments
Inductive Reasoning – logic flows
from a set of specific observations
to a general conclusion
2. Hypothesis based Science
Science
by experimentation
Hypothesis testing in the form
of “If…then…”
Deductive Reasoning - logic
flows from general to specific
Example
When
I throw a ball in the air,
why does it come back down?
Inductive
Whenever
I have thrown a ball in
the past, it always comes back
down
Specific observations to general
conclusion
Deductive
Gravity
attracts two objects
If I throw the ball into the air,
then gravity should draw the
ball to the earth
Scientific Method:
Outlines
a series of steps for
answering questions.
Obtains “evidence” through the
use of experiments.
Scientific Method Steps
1. Identify the problem.
2. What is already known?
3. Formulate a hypothesis.
4. Conduct an experiment
changing one variable at a
time. All other factors are
held constant. (Why?)
Scientific Method Steps
5. Collect data. Have
replicates (Why?)
6.Compare data to hypothesis.
Does the data support the
hypothesis?
7. Conclusions and new
hypothesis.
Comment

Nothing is ever proven in
science

Can only be disproven
Experiments either support or
fail to support a particular
hypothesis
 Disproving a hypothesis is as
important as supporting it

Theory
 Broader
in scope than
hypothesis.
 Not determined by single
experiment, but have been
supported by many
experiments by many
scientists.
Theory
Comprehensive
explanation
supported by abundance of
evidence
Theories allow predictions
Examples of Theories
Atomic
Theory
Gravitational Theory
Theory of Relativity
Cell Theory
Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection
Basic Evolution
Nothing
in Biology makes
sense except in the light of
Evolution.
Theodosius
Dobzhansky
American Biology Teacher
35:125-129, 1973.
Success is measured by:
1. Survive
2. Reproduce
Note – organisms survive
because of their adaptations,
they do not adapt to survive.
Evolution in Biology
1. What is the adaptive value of
________?
2. Why has ______ persisted
over time?
3. How does _____ increase
survival or reproduction?
Summary
Themes
can provide a common
framework for learning Biology
What are the characteristics of
Life?
What is Science and how does it
work?
Evolution’s role in the study of
Biology