Transcript Biology
Biology Biology is the study of life! Anything that has all the characteristics of life is an Organism Characteristics of Living Things All have organization—an orderly structure Carry out reproduction—for species survival Have adaptation—adjusts to changes in the environment Maintains homeostasis—keeps constant internal environment Has growth and development Responds to stimuli Levels of Organization Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Scientific Investigations Science is a process that produces knowledge about nature—technology is when we apply that knowledge; even though we have a natural curiosity about he world around us we have an obligation to consider ethics Ethics- refers to the moral principles and values held by humans – Science may not consider all possible ethics. Therefore, society as a whole must take responsibility for the ethical use of scientific discoveries. – Biotechnology: the application of scientific research focusing on living things Scientists use a series of steps to answer questions called the Scientific Method SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Define the Problem 2. Collect Information 3. Form a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect Data from Experiment 6. Draw Conclusion 7. Publish Information Scientific Ideas Hypothesis is an explanation for problems or Theory- explanation of a natural phenomenon questions—It HAS to be able to be tested that is supported by lots of scientific data from many investigations; ex. Theory of Natural Selection (It explains nature) Law- recognized facts of natures; ex. Law of Gravity Experiments Experiments have 2 groups: • Control Group—all conditions stay the same; everything is compared to this • Experiment Group (Variables)—this is the test group where one condition is changed at a time—2 types of variables a. Independent Variable—one changed condition in an experiment; doesn’t depend on anything else changing b. Dependent Variable—changes in the result due to a condition being changed Types of Data Data is all the information gathered in an experiment 1. Quantitative Data—numerical data; showing time, measurements, etc.—usually shown using graphs and charts 2. Qualitative Data—descriptive or observational data; showing change in color, etc. Measurement Tools Scientists use a variety of instruments and tool to make measurements and observations: o Ruler o Thermometer o Graduated Cylinders o Pan Balance o Microscopes (p. 41 in Coach Book) Lab Safety Scientists must follow safety procedures and precautions when working: o Lab Safety Rules---p.53 in Coach Book o Safety Symbols---p.54 in Coach Book Gregor Mendel: father of heredity, worked with pea plants Alexander Fleming: (1928) discovery of the first antibiotic; penicillin Robert Hooke: discovered and named the cell while observing cork 4. Charles Darwin: developed the theory of evolution based on natural selection 5. James Watson/Francis Crick: (1953) determined the structure of DNA to be a double helix 6. George Washington Carver: (botanist) developed several industrial uses for the peanut 7. Carolus Linnaeus: father of classification developed twoword system for naming organisms (binomial nomenclature) 8. Anton von Leeuwenhoek: 1st microscope, first to describe cells (didn’t know what they were) 9. Jane Goodall: noted for work with chimpanzees 10. Louis Pasteur: S-shaped flask; disproved spontaneous generation in microorganisms 11. Rosalind Franklin: provided X-ray images of DNA 12. Francesco Redi: disproved spontaneous generation in large organisms 13. A. I. Oparin: “primordial soup”; suggested that life came from non-living matter in primitive Earth 14. Miller and Urey: tested Oparin’s hypothesis and produced amino acids BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Biology: study of life Botany: study of plants Zoology: study of animals Mycology: study of fungi Genetics: study of heredity Anatomy: study of an organism’s structure Bacteriology: study of bacteria Ecology: study of the relationships between living/nonliving things Cytology: study of cells Pathology: study of diseases Physiology: study of the function or organisms Taxonomy: study of classification Virology: study of viruses Eugenics: study of heredity in humans Embryology: study of early development of organisms USING THE DIAGRAMS ON PAGES 380 & 381 Figures 14.10 and 14.11 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS 1. What famous scientist is well known for disproving spontaneous generation in large organisms? 2. What famous scientist is well known for disproving spontaneous generation in microorganisms? 3. Define spontaneous generation. 4. Define biogenesis. 5. In Redi’s experiment, what was the independent variable? 6. What was the independent variable in Pasteur’s experiment? 7. How did Redi and Pasteur’s experiments help advance man in the world of science? 8. List parts of the scientific method and identify them in Redi’s experiment.