Transcript BMPs for Aquaculture, Swine and Poultry Production

Waste Handling for
Swine Production
Lori Marsh, Associate Professor,
Biological Systems Engineering,
Virginia Tech
Swine Production
Swine production is most commonly accomplished indoors.
Typically farms specialize in one of four production strategies:
Breeding/Gestation;
Farrowing;
Nursery; and
Grow out.
Farrowing:
Sows with
piglets, shortly
after birth.
Piglets in a nursery room.
Swine in a grow out room.
The manure handling system for swine production typically depends on the
climate where the facility is located. In warmer climates, pigs are most
commonly raised on slatted floors with a shallow pit below. Manure falls into
the pit and is flushed out to a lagoon. The lagoon serves as an anaerobic
treatment unit.
Typical lagoon for treating swine manure.
The liquid fraction of the lagoon is pumped out and land applied throughout
the growing season. Typically, sludge is allowed to accumulate in the lagoon
for several years before it is removed.
Lagoon effluent being applied to a pasture.
In cold climates, lagoons do not function well. In this
case, swine are typically raised on a slatted floor over
a deep pit. Manure is stored in the pit until it is land
applied.
Application of manure pumped from a storage pit.
Some swine are produced on an open lot or on “deep pack.” This
represents a small percentage of pork production.
Waste storage on deep pack is inside the building.
Removal occurs at the end of the grow out period.
The potential for composting this material is high.
BMP’s for Feed Management
• Applies to all production systems
• Phase feeding to match nutrient
requirements for growth stage
• Use high-quality, highly digestible feeds
• Lysine and other amino acids in diet allow
reduction in protein (and nitrogen)
• Minimize loss of feed/uneaten feed
• Phytase to reduce added P and
excreted P
BMP’s for manure storage
• Adequate size
• Keep rain water out—cover if economically
feasible
• Manage deep pits to minimize gas
concentrations inside barn
• Stock pile manure on impervious surface
• Contingency plans for accidents/overflows
BMPs for Lagoon Systems
• Adequate size
• Proper start up
• Maintenance of embankment (vegetative
cover, no trees, no rodents) including
frequent inspections
• Fresh water diversion
• Pump and pipe maintenance/inspection
• Markers to show waste level relative to
freeboard and treatment volume
BMPs for Land Application
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Nutrient management plan
Agitate manure storage
Record keeping
Calibrate application equipment
Buffers and setbacks
Time application to meet crop needs
Incorporate or inject
Manure Treatment Options
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Liquid-solid separation systems
Composting
Anaerobic lagoons
Anaerobic digesters
Constructed wetlands
Emerging technologies, i.e.
”environmentally superior technologies”-North Carolina Waste Management Center
Constituents of Concern
• Nutrients (many references)
• Pathogens (holding at 25 C for 90 d rendered
manure pathogen free)
– TatYee, G. and R.A. Holley. Pathogen survival in swine manure
environments and transmission of human enteric illness-a
review. 2003. J. of Env. Quality. Vol. 32, NO. 2, pp. 383-392.
• Medicinal drug residues—No references
found.