Transcript Lesson 3 - Biological Systems Engineering

Odor BMPS
Dr. Ron E. Sheffield
LSU AgCenter
[email protected]
225.205.4533
Odor Emission Sources
• Livestock buildings
• Manure storage
– Stockpiles, basins, lagoons
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Land application sites
Method of land application
Feed storage
Mortality storage or
disposal areas
The FIDO Factors
in Odor Assessment
Frequency (events/yr)
Intensity (dilutions to
threshold)
Duration (hrs/event)
Offensiveness
(subjective)
Handling Dairy Manure
SOLID/SEMI-SOLID
HANDLING
Housing
Facility
Outdoor lots and pens
Collection
& Transfer
Gutter cleaning
Tractor scrape
LIQUID HANDLING
Free-stall barn
Feedlot (barnlot)
(manure with minimum or no bedding)
Bucket loader
Scrape: tractor or
cable
Chain conveyor
Auger conveyor
Piston pump
Gravity channel
Slotted
floor
Earthen basin
Concrete pit or tank
Steel tank
Concrete
pit
Flush
system
solid
liquid
Stored within pen
Storage
Compost pile
Liquid/solid
separation
Earthen
basin or
Lagoon
Plank wall
Concrete slab
Compost pile
Agitate
Transport
Box spreader
Flail spreader
Tank wagon
Utilization
Field spread on pasture or cropland
Irrigation
system
Box spreader
Flail spreader
Technologies to Control Odor
• Prevent odor
generation
• Capture or destroy
odors before any
release to the
atmosphere
• Dispersion or disguise
of odors
Buildings = Constant Source
Buildings typically release a relatively constant
amount of odors & gases compared to:
• Land application
– Occurs once or twice
a year
– Impact is for short
period of time
• Storages
– Releases decrease in
cold weather
– Management may
affect releases
significantly
Odor Prevention Technologies
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Manure removal
Dust control
Anaerobic treatment
Aeration or Oxidation
Feed additives
Manure pit or lagoon additives
pH control
Frequent Manure Removal
Frequent removal of manure from floor surfaces reduces
the generation of odors in a building.
Manure Separation
• Why are you separating??
• It’s not always about
loading……
• Sand, grit, debris
• Difficult to remove fine
particles/nutrients
• Knowledge of flowrate is
critical
• Efficiency?? Don’t believe
what you are told!!
Sources of Odor from Outdoor Lots
• Open lots
• Manure stockpiles
• Disposal pits
• Land application areas
• Runoff holding ponds
• Anaerobic lagoons
(liquid manure
handling)
• DUST
Driver #1: Loose Manure Depth
Deep and soft
Thin and well compacted
Manure not yet harvested, > 2” deep
Wind
Manure harvested within previous 3 days, < 1” deep
Loose manure compounded by evening
cow activity (Driver #2)
Driver #3: Manure Moisture
Content
Moisture Dynamics Vary
Within Corrals
Feed apron
Water trough
1
2
High activity;
High moisture
3
4
Low activity;
Low moisture
Moisture Dynamics Vary
Within Corrals (continued)
Feed apron
Water trough
1
2
High activity;
High moisture
3
4
Low activity;
Low moisture
Catch-Up Water Requirements
Water Requirement (gal/hd)
80
70
0.5"
1"
2"
4"
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Initial Moisture Content (% wet basis)
30
Raising the moisture content of a loose manure layer by
10% requires 6-9 gal/hd per 1 inch of loose manure depth
depending on its bulk density.
35
Complete Anaerobic Digestion
Volatile
Odorous
volatiles
solids
Acidproducing
bacteria
Methane (CH4)
and other gases
Methaneproducing
bacteria
Incomplete Anaerobic Digestion
Volatile
Odorous
volatiles
solids
Acidproducing
bacteria
Limitations:
• Design/Construction
• Poor Management
• Cold Temperatures
Methane (CH4)
and other gases
Methaneproducing
bacteria
Treatment: Anaerobic Digestion
Treatment: High-rate Aeration
Treatment: “Compost” Systems
Chemical Additives to Manure
for Odor and Gas Control
• Difficult to determine effectiveness of the
many additives that are available
• Relatively few products have been shown
to significantly reduce odor or gases like
NH3.
• Products are available for addition to
either liquid or solid manure.
• Concern over cost per animal per year
Chemical Additives to Manure
for Odor and Gas Control
Effectiveness depended on specific
irritant
• Ammonia reduction in liquid manure
– 39 products were effective
– 18 not effective
• Odor reduction
– 22 helped
– 33 did not
Technologies to Capture and
Treat Odors
• Manure storage covers
– “Biological” cover
– Synthetic cover
• Mechanically ventilated production houses
– Biofilters
– Biomass filters
– Washing walls
Straw cover being installed on a 4-acre lagoon in Iowa
Cross Section of Biological
Cover
“Biologically”
Covered Storage
Conventional
Storage
Aerobic Zone
8 - 12” Straw Cover
Solution Interface
Effluent
Anaerobic Zone
Effluent
Straw cover after 1 week
Geotextile Cover ~ $0.15/sq.ft. installed
BioCapTM
“Berm to Berm” Basin/Lagoon Cover
$0.63/ft2 installed
Technologies to Disperse Odors
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Site Selection
Ventilation Design
Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls
Vegetated Wind Breaks
Perfumes
Masking Agents
Developed primarily for mechanically ventilated
systems … but theory needs to be adopted for
open freestalls and corrals
Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls
Plume dispersion and breakup
Some dust will be deposited
Lagoon
Lagoon
Red Smoke Candle Showing Fan Airflow Toward
Windbreak Wall on Swine Finishing Building
Red Smoke Showing Airflow Out of Windbreak Wall
Enclosure
Air Dam: 1,000hd Finishing Barn
Open Face Biofilter:
400-hd Farrowing Barn, MN
Container Biofilter
In-Vessel Food Composting Site, MN
Most Complaints Arise from Land
Application
Wastewater
Irrigation
• Dilute 1:5 –10 H2O
• Maximize droplet size
– Large nozzles
– Low pressures
• Minimize distance
droplets move through
the air
– Downward projecting
nozzles
– Drops to put nozzles in
canopy or close to
ground
• No wastewater
irrigation if >10mph
Drop Hoses
Slurry Application
Application Method
Odor Threshold
Broadcast
2818
Plow
200
Harrow
131
Inject
32
Unmanured
50
Drop Hose Toolbar
Aerator Incorporator
Aerator tines
Manure applicators
7.5-inch spacing
Injection
Running double disk injectors deeper covers
manure better but also covers more crop residue.
Injection
Direct injection of manure is the most effective way
to minimize gaseous emissions.
No Till Injector
Sweep Injector
Soybean Stubble in SC Coastal Plain
Applied at 60,000 gallons per hour
Sweep Injector
No-Till Injector
Odor Management Plans
Contents of OMP
• IDAHO
– Facility Information
– Facility Description
• Vicinity Map
– Manure Management System
• Site Plan
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Land Application System
Climatic Data
Facility Odor Sources
Tiered Odor Reduction
Public Involvement
Review
Facility Odor Sources
• Bulleted List of potential odor sources
– General ranking of sources overall
• Discussion of each source
– Why is it a source?
– How much does it contribute?
• Justification for ranking
• Ranking
– Surface area, frequency, duration, intensity
– Other data – chemical comp., location, etc.
Tiered Odor Reduction
• Tiers
– Enable facility to assess reduction techniques
“individually”
– Prevents facility from spending large amounts
of money all at once
• Allows to determine if more is needed
• IDAHO
– 3-Tiered process
Tiered Odor Reduction
• 3-Tiers
– Each tier identifies
• Odor reduction techniques
– Justification – expected result
• How & when implemented
• Sources impacted
• Monitoring plan for BMP Evaluation
– Tier 1
• Typically low cost BMP’s & management changes
• Should attempt to address all major issues on facility
– Tier 2 & 3
• Build on tier 1 – more expensive and intense
Public Involvement
• Discretion of producer
• Key item
– If public isn’t impacted, wouldn’t be developed
• Prevention, animal & employee health
• Identify
– How public will be involved
• Keep them aware of actions taken
• How process is going
• OMP will not be successful w/o public
satisfied
Review
• The final section of an OMP
• Should describe
– How plan will be assessed
– Who will assess
– When each tier will be evaluated
• OMP is a working document
– Should allow for change & flexibility
– Should limit the impact on how the facility
functions
Take Home Message
• Understanding the waste system is
essential
– Can’t select appropriate reduction measures
w/o understanding system
• Odor reduction - Operation & Management
• Thoroughly investigate reduction
techniques before they are implemented
• If public is not satisfied, OMP never truly
successful
• Employ PREVENTION, not reaction