Transcript Document

-a process of arriving at -dependable solutions
to problems through a planned and systematic
collection
analyses,
evaluation,
interpretation and
synthesis of data
Benefits from research
Has shortened distances via speedy
transportation and communication
Has improved industrial and agricultural
production
Provided man various comforts in life
Has lengthened the life span of man
Benefits from research
Has fostered understanding between and
among nations
Can help leader or manager to decide
more reliably when solving problems
IDENTIFYING A
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Sources
of a
Research
Topic
Observe things
before you say useless.
Sa pangit madami
kang makikitang
maganda.
IDENTIFYING A
Sources
of a
Research
Topic
people
places
things
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
Factors
to consider
in selecting a topic
 your interest and abilities (level of knowledge
and experiences)
 availability of materials needed
 particular needs of the community
 socio-economic significance
 time element
 safety measures
 expenses
 generation of new information
Your aim should be…
to:
1. Show why your research needs to be carried out.
2. How you came to choose certain
methodologies or theories to work with.
3. How your work adds to the research
already carried out, etc.
Let
them
find out
if their
ideas is
feasible
or not.
Characteristics of a
Good Problem

Clear
Organized
 Specific
Well-defined scope
Concise
 Measurable
Significance of a Problem
a. Help answer a problem/need of the
people/community/country
b. Contribute to the generation of new
information
c. Develop or improve an existing
process
d. Contribute to the development of
the scientific skills of the
researcher
Things to be
considered in the
Approval of Topic
Proposal
Beauty products(soap,shampoo, hand sanitizer etc.)
dermatologists
Food products
nutritionist
Pesticides &
insecticides
Know first the life cycle of
insects/pests
Monggo Seeds
X
T
Try to AVOID topics like:
Malunggay
Tawa-Tawa
Try
to
AVOID
topics
like:
Try to AVOID topics like:
Tuba
Water lily
Try
to
AVOID
topics
like:
Try to AVOID topics like:
Respond of plants in organic and
inorganic fertilizers
Mongo seeds
Organic fertilizers
Try only 1 variable
x Lemon & calamansi as
insecticide

Calamansi Insecticide
Remember This:
Concentrate in
one plant only
before
comparing/
combining it
with other
plants.
TRENDING Topics:
Plants which are good
absorbent of heavy metals
or radiation
E.g.
kangkong leaves for lead
absorption
TRENDING Topics:
Debate between UPLB
students vs. Agusan
nutritionist about the
accumulation of heavy
metals in the brain of fish.
TRENDING Topics:
Flower preservation
Prolonging the shell-life of banana
Dried leaves
Simple but has
GREAT economic impact
TRENDING Topics:
Animicrobial property of plant or
fruit
Eg. Steroid from eggplant
A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic
arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other.
Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex
hormones estradiol and testosterone and the anti-inflammatory drug
dexamethasone.
TRENDING Topics:
Taal- Maliputo
Aquatic microorganisms
Sugarcane baggasse
Chili
TRENDING Topics:
Bricks out of cogon
grass
Green algae as a
biodiesel

Accept some
duplication of
Investigatory
project unless there
will be new variable
added.
FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Types of Variables
Independent variables, IV – factors that cause
the change; can be manipulated
Dependent variables, DV – observed effects; their
values are dependent on the IV
Extraneous variables, EV – factors that influence
the results of the study; must be controlled or maintained
during the investigation
Determine IV and DV
•The amount of aspirin
used does not have
any effect on the
storage life of roses
•The effect of sugar on
the preservation of
macapuno
Extraneous variable
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a tentative
answer to the research
question; an informed and
educated prediction or
explanation
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS
Types Of Hypothesis
Null: states that there is no significant difference between
the results of two conditions
Alternative: states that there is a significant
difference between the results of two conditions being
tested
Cause and effect: states that if a certain condition
(cause) is true, then a supporting observation (effect)
occurs.
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS
Stated Problem
and/or Objective
NULL
ALTERNATIVE
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
Compare the effects of
horse manure and
urea on the
growth of okra in
terms of:
There is no significant
difference
between the
effects of horse
manure and
urea on the
following:
There is significant
difference
between the
effects of horse
manure and
urea on the
following:
a.
a.
If there is a significant
difference
between the
effects of horse
manure and
urea, then the
growth of the
plants will differ
significantly in
terms of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Average height of
plant
Time of flowering
plant
Number of pods
per plant
Number of leaves
per plant
Total weight of
plants per plot
b.
c.
d.
e.
Average height
of plant
Time of
flowering plant
Number of
pods per plant
Number of
leaves per plant
Total weight of
plants per plot
b.
c.
d.
e.
Average height
of plant
Time of
flowering plant
Number of pods
per plant
Number of
leaves per plant
Total weight of
plants per plot
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Average height
of plant
Time of
flowering plant
Number of pods
per plant
Number of
leaves per plant
Total weight of
plants per plot
Research design
Refers to the plan projecting the
arrangement or set-up of condition/s
under which the study is undertaken for
the purpose of facilitating data collection
and analysis
Experimental design
Involves manipulation of the independent
variable or the assumed cause to be able
to measure the dependent variable or the
effect.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental Design Diagram
Problem: Response of Okra to Horse Manure and
Urea: A Comparative Study
Hypothesis: There is no significant difference
between the effects of horse manure and urea on
the following growth variables : average height,…,
etc.
Scope and limitation
Scope means the extent of the study while
the limitations are its perceived
weaknesses which are beyond control of
the researcher
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
- limits the study in terms of study
area, problem, time frame as well as
design, instruments etc.
Significance of the study
This section bares the contribution of the
study particularly its utilization from
general to specific sectors of society
Explain the relevance and usefulness of
the study to specific group or individual
users of the results
Definition of terms
words or statements are defined according
to its use in the research
Do not define them as you pick it up from
the dictionary
Review of related literature
Requires going through related studies in
printed matter like books, pamphlets,
periodicals and documents
Gist of readings
Presents summary of information
Organizing your Review of Related Literature
1. Categorize your topics that will lead to your
research
2. Group together similar studies that have similar
aspects to your research
3. Begin with the most recent and then backward
4. If possible include local researches to avoid
unintentional duplication
Review of Related Literature
This will provide additional knowledge and
insights of the research
Survey of Literature and Related
Studies
- includes the purpose, procedures,
findings and recommendations of past
researches
- discusses relevant information,
reviews of recent findings and gaps
of existing knowledge of the problem
- avoids unintentional replication of
researches
Tips in Writing the Review of Related Literature
1. Document accepted facts, concepts and processes
upon which the research is based
2. References should correctly be cited and credit be
given to authors
3. Describe similarities and differences among
research studies as background to your study
4. Include all important information taken from the
literature
ALL cited literature was written and published in the
past, so use past tense to refer to the findings
of these studies
Do not use first names when referring to the
authors of studies you cite. Use only last names in
the body of the manuscript.
In the references list, use last names and initials.
This approach reduces attention to the gender of the
author, thereby attenuating discrimination on
irrelevant dimensions.
Exhaust all the
materials in the
library.
Don’t use
wikipedia &
bato balani
Wikipedia is contributed by anyone
who wants to post material, and the
expertise of the posters is not taken
into consideration.
Wikipedia’s lack of reliability & validity
is widely reported.
Methodology
- Describes in detail the procedures used in
the research which can be evaluated and
repeated if necessary.
- Informs the reader of the steps
undertaken by the researcher and
how he did it.
- Interpretation of results depends on
the methods employed.
- The methods will show the validity
and reliability of the results, thus
becomes acceptable to everyone
The methodology should include the following:
1. Materials and equipments used should be
mentioned.
2. Number of trials and replicates be
presented
3. Manner of sampling , gathering of data and
processing of samples
4. Test of significance
Remember that the methodology is written
1. in the order that they were done during the actual
conduct of the experiment..
2. in the past tense and passive voice. Personal
pronouns are not used but instead the third person.
3. the number is spelled out at the start of a
sentence.
4. and supported with photographs to illustrate
samples and equipments used in the process.
Data
Collection/organization/Analysis
Classification of Data
 Qualitative data: information gathered not based on
standard scale or unequal intervals or discrete categories
Ex.
PLANT
LEAF CONDITION
1
2
3
Healthy
Not Healthy
Healthy
 Quantitative data: information based on
measurement; makes use of a scale of equal interval
Ex.VOLUME OF WATER (ml)
100
100
100
AMOUNT OF SALT (g)
5
3
1
Data
Collection/organization/Analysis
4 Scales of Measurement
1. Nominal Data: objects are placed in discrete categories which
cannot be ranked in ascending or descending order
Ex.
SECTION
MALE
FEMALE
A
15
20
B
10
25
2. Ordinal Data: objects are placed into categories which can be
ranked or ordered in ascending or descending manner
Ex.
CONDITION OF PATIENT
IN HOSPITAL
NO. OF PATIENTS
Terminal
10
Very Sick
15
Slightly Sick
40
Data Collection/organization/Analysis
3. Interval Data: data collected using a scale with
equal intervals but no absolute zero value
Ex. Temperature in oC
4. Ratio Data: data collected using a scale of
equal interval and an absolute zero value
Ex. Temperature in oK
Presentation of Data
1. Tables
2. Graphs
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion: a statement which presents the
solution to the research problem based on the
findings of the investigation.
Recommendation: suggested plans on other
aspects of the study that can be worked on by
the next researcher.
Conclusions are based on findings;
recommendations are based on conclusion.
Guidelines to consider in making
conclusions and recommendations
1. What was the purpose of the research?
2. Was the hypothesis supported by data?
3. What can be an explanation for the results?
4. What is the importance of the experimental
results?
5. What recommendations for further study and
for improving the experiment can be made?
Conclusion
- End of the investigation
-Statement where you will present the solution
to the proposed problem based on the findings
of the investigation.
- It discusses the questions raised during
presentation and suggests certain considerations
that are important.
- In experimental investigations, results my be
inconclusive. It might lead to trends due to some
effects of other variables or by some errors.
Abstract:
“A birds-eye-view of what you have done” – or a
glimpse of what the investigation was all about.
- The abstract is a brief summary of a
research but informative enough to present a
comprehensive picture of the study.
- It is a short paragraph of not more than
200 – 500 words.
- It gives the essential features of the research
which include the problem, samples, experimental
design, procedures, conclusions and
recommendations.
Some pointers to
Remember
Title Page and Abstract
Is the title no more than 12 words?
Does the abstract range between 150 and
250 words?
Some pointers to
Remember
Paragraphs and Headings
Is each paragraph longer than a single
sentence but not longer than one
manuscript page?
Some pointers to
Remember
Abbreviations
Are unnecessary abbreviations eliminated and
necessary ones explained?
Are abbreviations in tables and figures
explained in the table notes and figure captions
or legends?
Some pointers to
Remember
References
Are references cited both in text and in
the reference list?
Do the text citations and reference list
entries agree both in spelling and in date?
Some pointers to
Remember
Are journal titles in the reference list
spelled out fully?
Are the references (both in the
parenthetical text citations and in the
reference list) ordered alphabetically by the
authors’ surnames ?
Criteria
for
Judging
Criteria for Judging
1. Scientific Concepts
2. Creativity, Resourcefulness
and Inventiveness
3. Thoroughness
4. Research Skills
5. Oral Presentation
- 30%
-
30 %
15%
15%
10%
Criteria for Judging
1. Scientific Concepts - 30%
 Is the statement of the problem
clear?
 Are the procedures well defined?
Criteria for Judging
2. Creativity, Resourcefulness
and Inventiveness
- 30 %
 Is there innovative design or new ideas?
 Is there an ability in presenting the
problem and approach to solve the
problem?
Criteria for Judging
3. Thoroughness
 Familiarity with literature
4. Research Skills
 Use of laboratory
5. Oral Presentation
 Clarity
 audiovisual materials
 personality
- 15%
- 15%
- 10%
Thank You!
PRESENTATION NAME
Company Name