Transcript Introduction

General Principles of
pharmacology
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院内药理学辅助学习站点
 汕大医学院药理学精品课程网站

http://pharm.med.stu.edu.cn/
 汕大医学院数字化学习平台(SUMC ELearning Platform)

http://elp.med.stu.edu.cn/
Chapter 1.
Introduction
About pharmacology
Chapter 2.
Pharmacodynamics
What a drug does to the body
Chapter 3.
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to a drug
Chapter 4.
Factors affecting
drug efficacy
How to use a drug rationally
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Chapter One
Introduction
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Ⅰ、Property and Contents of
Pharmacology
1. Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the medical science that
studies the nature and the properties of drugs,
the interactions between drugs and the body
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Pharmacology can be studied at multiple
“levels”: molecular, (sub)cellular, tissue,
whole animal, or population.
 Clinical pharmacology is the study
of drugs in human patients
 Toxicology is the study of harmful
rather than therapeutic effects
 Pharmacy involves manufacture,
preparation, and dispensing of drugs
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Why are drugs important for health
and scientific research?
 From early in human history, pharmacologically active
substances (e.g., from plants, animals) have been
used to ward off or treat disease
 Discovery and development of drugs (including
immunotherapy/ vaccinations) has been a major factor
that has increased life span and improved the quality
of life
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Pharmacodynamics
Effect, Mechanism
Absorption, Distribution,
Metabolism, Elimination
Pharmacokinetics
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2. Drug

A drug is a chemical substance that
can modulate the current
physiological status of a biological
system.

is defined as a chemical which is
utilized for the diagnosis, prevention
and cure of an unwanted health
condition (definition by FDA)
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Source of drugs：
Ancient ： Natural products ( Plants,
Animals and Minerals )
Modern ： Active constituent of
natural products
 Artificial Synthetics
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(Raw opium)
(Opium tincture)
(Poppy)
morphine
codeine
narcotine
Papaverine
foxglove (毛地黄)
digoxin (地高辛)
deadly nightshade (颠茄)
atropine (阿托品)
No clear borderline between drug and
poison
Snake
venom
Arsenic
“Poisons in small doses are the best medicines; and useful
medicines in too large doses are poisonous” (William Withering,
“discoverer” of digitalis, 1789)
High Risk Process:
~100 设计方案
11-15 Years
筛选数百万化合物
临床前药理学
临床前毒理学
1–2产
品
临床药理学和毒理学
Pre-clinical
0
Idea
Phase I
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Phase II
Phase III
10
11 - 15 Years
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Drug
Process of Drug Development
The Long Road to a New Medicine
申请证书
上市
II期临床试验
III期临床试验
临床前安
全有效性
I期临床试验
设计
药物制剂
合成
候选化
合物
筛选
初步安全有
效性研究
Clinical Trials
– In Phase I trials, researchers test a new drug or treatment in a
small group of people (20-80) for the first time to evaluate its
safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify adverse
reactions.
– In Phase II trials, the study drug or treatment is given to a
larger group of people (100-300) to see if it is effective and to
further evaluate its safety.
– In Phase III trials, the study drug or treatment is given to large
groups of people (1,000-3,000) to confirm its effectiveness,
monitor adverse reactions, compare it to commonly used
treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or
treatment to be used safely.
– In Phase IV trials, post marketing studies delineate additional
information including the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal
use.
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Remember: Drugs are developed to treat people-- not cells or experimental animals!!
Status of Pharmacology in
Medicine
Basic
Medicine
Medicine
Clinical
Medicine
Pharmacy
药理学学习方法
 综合性机能学科，与生理、病生联系
紧密。
 抓住“代表药”，区别“非代表药”。