Transcript Drugs - OneDrive

Pharmacology for Nursing
by: Dr.Hind Taha
Course objectives:
 Identify each of the drug classes.
 Classify data pertaining to pharmacokinetics and the
pharmacodynamics.
 Incorporate knowledge of medications to plan care for patients
receiving medication.
 Determine medication that is safe to administer based on assessment
data.
 Describe the relationship between drug actions ,interaction, side
effect ,dosage ,and anticipated effect for selected
pharmacotheraputic agent and drug classification.
 Describe the role of the nurse in medication administration.
Pharmacology for Nursing
Course content:
 Introduction to pharmacology.
 Drugs affecting central nervous system.
 Drugs affecting cardiovascular system.
 Drugs affecting respiratory system.
 Drugs affecting immune system.
 Drugs affecting gastrointestinal system.
 Drugs affecting endocrine system.
 Drugs affecting genitourinary system.
 Drugs affecting eyes, ears, skin and muscles.
 Pharmacology is the science of drugs used to
prevent, diagnose and treat diseases.
 Pharmacology deals with the interaction between
living systems and chemical molecules.
 Drugs are chemical agents that act on biological
systems at the chemical level and alter their functions
Sources of Drugs
 Plant sources: - e.g. the leaves of belladonna for
atropine; the bark of cinchona for quinine and
Quinidine; etc…….
 Animal sources :- e.g. insulin prepared from pancreas
of different animals
 Mineral sources: - some naturally occurring minerals
used as drugs e.g. magnesium sulphate; radio active
iodine.
 Microorganisms :- fungi and bacteria are important
sources of antibiotic e.g. penicillins.
 Synthetic drugs: - many drugs are produced by
synthetic chemist e.g. sulphonamides; diazepam.
Drug names:there are three types of drug names: Chemical name :- describe the chemical
structure of the drug ;
It is first name given to any drug e.g. acetyl
salicylic acid
 Generic name:- shortened form of the chemical
name of the drug ;
Given by the first manufacturer e.g. Aspirin
 Trade name:- or brand name given by
pharmaceutical company e.g. Lasix, Panadol
N.B drug may have many different trade names
but only one generic name.
 Pharmacokinetics describes how the body
handles the drug, absorption,
distribution,metabolism,excretion.
 Pharmacodynamics describes how the drug acts
in the body, such as mechanism of action and
therapeutic and toxic effects.
 Standardization of drugs: All drugs must meet and maintain high standards
for: Therapeutic results
 Patient safety
 Packing safety
Properties for ideal drug
 Effectiveness refers to the drug’s ability to do what is
supposed to do.
 Safety : proper usage of drug can decrease the risks of adverse
effects
 Safe even at high concentrations and for long periods of
administration.
 Selectivity: - Selective for specific reaction with no
side effects.
 N.B therapeutic objective of using drugs is to provide
maximum benefit with minimum adverse effect.
 Drug action and interaction: Types of drug action: the drug may exert its pharmacological action by: Local action: - the drug acts its site of application
e.g. skin ointment; eye drops.
 Systemic or general action: - the drug acts after its
absorption and its distribution by the circulation to
various tissue.
 Mechanisms of drug action: - drugs may act
by one or more of the following mechanisms:1-Physically :- e.g. by osmosis (osmotic
diuretics)
2-Chemically :- e.g. by
I- Neutralization (as sodium bicarbonate (base)
neutralizes hyperacidity)
II- Chelation (as dimercaprol in mercury
poisoning)
3-Action on enzymes :- some drugs produce
their effect through inhibition of certain
enzymes e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors ; mono
amine oxidase inhibitors
4-Action on cell membranes: - local anesthetic
as procaine hydrochloride act by stabilization
of the neuronal membrane renders it nonexcitable.
•
Figure 2.1 the recognition of a drug by a receptor triggers a biologic response.
5-Action on receptors:-receptors are very
specific chemosensitive areas on the cell
membrane; mediating the response of certain
drugs and endogenous mediators
Receptors may be: I- Stimulated and activated by certain drugs
(agonists)
II- Blocked by certain drugs (antagonists)
Antagonists are drugs that decrease the actions
of another drug