Transcript Pharmacology

(introduction)
• Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics
• Pharmacology by Rang and Dale
• Basic and clinical Pharmacology By Katzung
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
• Essential of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi
• Pharmacology (from Greek pharmakon "drug" and logia "study of", "knowledge of") is the branch of
medicine concerned with the study of drug action on
the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.
• Pharmacology is the study of the interactions that occur
between a living organism and chemicals that affect
normal or abnormal biochemical function.
• Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are
frequently confused.
• Pharmacology, a medical science, deals with the research, discovery,
and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the
elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these
chemicals.
• In contrast, pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and
dispensing (distribution) drugs. It is a health services profession that
links health sciences with chemical sciences,
The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into
many sub disciplines each with a specific focus:
– Clinical pharmacology
– Neuropharmacology
– Psychopharmacology
– Cardiovascular pharmacology
– Pharmacogenetics
– Pharmacogenomics
• Clinical pharmacology is the basic science of
pharmacology with an added focus on the application of
pharmacological principles and methods in the medical
clinic and towards patient care and outcomes (results).
• Neuropharmacology is the study of the effects of
medication on central and peripheral nervous system
functioning.
• Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of
medication on the psyche, observing changed
behaviors of the body and mind, and how
molecular events are manifest in a measurable
behavioral form.
• Cardiovascular pharmacology is the study of the
effects of medication on the heart.
• Pharmacogenomics is the application of
genomic technologies to drug discovery
and further characterization of older
drugs.
• Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the
effects of drugs in large numbers of
people.
• Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects,
molecular targets, and characterization of
drugs or any chemical substance in excess
(including those beneficial in lower doses).
• Posology is the study of how medicines are
dosed. It also depends upon various factors
including age, climate, weight, sex, and time
of administration
• Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmacology
dealing especially with the composition, use, and
development of medicinal substances of biological
origin and especially medicinal substances
obtained from plants.
• Behavioral pharmacology is an interdisciplinary field which
studies behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs. It is interested
in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of
psychoactive drugs.
• Another goal of behavioral pharmacology is studying
psychotherapeutic drugs such as antipsychotics,
antidepressants and anxiolytics, and drugs of abuse such as
nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.
• Drug (French: Drogue—a dry herb) - a chemical substance of known
structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which,
when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
• Drugs may be synthetic chemicals, chemicals obtained from plants or
animals, or products of genetic engineering.
• A medicine is a chemical preparation, which
contains one or more drugs, administered with
the intention of producing a therapeutic effect.
Medicines also contain other substances
(excipients, stabilisers, solvents, etc.) besides the
active drug, to make them more convenient to
use.
• A pharmaceutical drug (also a medicinal product,, medication, or
medicament) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
• Drug therapy =pharmacotherapy
• In everyday parlance, the word drug is often
associated with addictive, narcotic or mindaltering substances—an unfortunate negative
connotation that tends to bias uninformed
opinion against any form of chemical therapy.
• Drugs are classified in various ways.
• One of the key divisions is by level of control, which distinguishes
prescription drugs (those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the order
of a physician, physician assistant, or qualified nurse) from over-thecounter drugs (those that consumers can order for themselves).
• Another key distinction is between traditional small
molecule drugs, usually derived from chemical
synthesis, and biopharmaceuticals, which include
recombinant proteins, vaccines, blood products used
therapeutically (such as IVIG), gene therapy, and cell
therapy (for instance, stem cell therapies).
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Other ways to classify medicines are by
-mode of action,
-route of administration,
-biological system affected,
or therapeutic effects.
• An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical
Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system).
Pharmaceutical or a drug is classified on the basis of their origin.
• Drug from natural origin: Herbal or plant or mineral origin, some drug
substances are of marine origin.
• Drug from chemical as well as natural origin: Derived from partial herbal
and partial chemical synthesis Chemical, example steroidal drugs
• Drug derived from chemical synthesis
• Drug derived from animal origin: For example, hormones, and enzymes.
• Drug derived from microbial origin: antibiotics
• Drug derived by biotechnology genetic-engineering, hybridoma
technique for example
• Drug derived from radioactive substances.
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Antipyretics: reducing fever (pyrexia/pyresis)
Analgesics: reducing pain (painkillers)
Antimalarial drugs: treating malaria
Antibiotics: inhibiting germ growth
Antiseptics: prevention of germ growth near burns, cuts and wounds
Mood stabilizers: lithium and valpromide
Hormone replacements: Premarin
Oral contraceptives: Enovid, "biphasic" pill, and "triphasic" pill
Stimulants: methylphenidate, amphetamine
Tranquilizers: meprobamate, chlorpromazine, reserpine, chlordiazepoxide,
diazepam, and alprazolam
• Statins: lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin
• Administration is the process by which a patient takes a medicine. There
are three major categories of drug administration:
• enteral (by mouth),
• parenteral (into the blood stream),
• and other (which includes giving a drug through intranasal, topical,
inhalation, and rectal means).
• There are many variations in the routes of administration, including
intravenous (into the blood through a vein) and oral administration
(through the mouth).
• Dosage forms are essentially pharmaceutical products in the form in
which they are marketed for use, typically involving a mixture of active
drug components and nondrug components.
• Dosage forms come in several types:
• liquid,
• solid,
• semisolid
• gas
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Pill, i.e. tablet or capsule
Powder
granules
dragees (drops)
medical chewing gum and candy
caramels
• Unguent
• Ointments (pastes, creams, gels, liniments)
• Suppositories:
-vaginal
-rectal
-urethral
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infusions,
decoctions,
tinctures,
elixirs,
syrups,
solutions (including drops),
suspensions (suspensions),
emulsions,
mixtures.
• Aerosols
• Sprays
• A prescription (℞) is a form of instructions that govern
the plan of care for an individual patient.
• The term "prescription" now usually refers to an order
that a pharmacist dispense and that a patient take
certain medications.
• ℞ is a symbol meaning "prescription". It is sometimes transliterated as
"Rx" or just "Rx".
• This symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of
the Late Latin verb recipe. Literally, the Latin word recipe means simply
"Take...."
• The word "prescription", from "pre-" ("before") and "script" ("writing,
written"), refers to the fact that the prescription is an order that must
be written down before a compound drug can be prepared. Those
within the industry will often call prescriptions simply "scripts".
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the name and address of the prescribing provider
other legal requirement such as a registration number
the name of the patient.
each prescription is dated
a time limit of the prescription
directions for the patient to follow when taking the drug.
Prescription
Rp.
Sevredol tbl. 60x20 mg
Exp. orig. No II (duas)
D.S. For pain 4x1 by mouth
Translation
Take
Sevredol, sixty twenty-milligramme
tablets
Two packages
Directions for use: For pain, one pill
four times a day by mouth
Rp.
Pentobarbitali natrici 3
Morphiae sulphas 2
Chlorali hydrati 15
Saccharum ad 50
M.f.plv.
Div. in doses aeq. No XXX
(triginta)
D.S. For sleep: one sachet to be
taken at bedtime
Take
of pentobarbitone sodium, three grammes
of sulphate of morphia, two grammes
of hydrate of chloral, fifteen grammes
of table sugar, enough to make fifty
grammes
Mix to make powder
Divide into thirty equal doses
Directions for use: For sleep: one sachet to
be taken at bedtime
• A generic drug (generic) is a drug product that is comparable to a
original drug product in dosage form, strength, quality and performance
characteristics, and intended use.
A drug generally has three categories of names:
• Chemical name
• Non-proprietary name
• Proprietary (Brand) name
• Chemical name It describes the substance chemically, e.g. 1(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-propan-2-ol for propranolol.
• This is not suitable for use in prescribing.
• An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is an official and
nonproprietary name given to a drug. INNs make communication more
precise by providing a unique standard name for each active ingredient,
to avoid errors.
• The INN system has been coordinated by the World Health Organization
(WHO).
• Having standard names for each drug is important because a drug may
be sold by many different brand names, or a branded medication may
contain more than one drug.
• Each drug's INN is unique but may contain a word stem that is shared
with other drugs of the same class:
• the beta-blocker drugs propranolol and atenolol share the -olol suffix,
• the benzodiazepine drugs lorazepam and diazepam share the -azepam
suffix.
• The WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic,
and Chinese. For example, "paracetamolum" (la) "paracetamol" (en),
"paracétamol" (fr) "парацетамол" (ru)
• Brand name is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his
property or trade mark.
• One drug may have multiple proprietary names
• ALTOL, ATCARDIL, ATECOR, ATEN, BETACARD, LONOL, TENOLOL,
TENORMIN for atenolol from different manufacturers.
• Essential Medicines (drugs) - those that satisfy the priority healthcare
needs of the population.
• They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence
on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost effectiveness.
• Essential medicines are intended to be available within the context of
functioning health systems at all times and in adequate amounts, in
appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate
information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
• These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/
prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease
(endemic only in resource poor countries) for which there is no
reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will
be recovered from the sales of that drug.
• The list includes sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,
miltefosine, rifabutin, succimer, somatropin, digoxin immune Fab
(digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3) and many more.