Transcript How is it used? - University of West Florida

Nicotine
Nicotine
• Where does it come from?
– leafy green tobacco plant grown mainly in
the Americas
– nicotine very toxic when concentrated
– “discovered” in 1400’s in New World and
imported to Europe
– grew to be very popular quickly; seen as a
panacea (Jean Nicot)
Nicotine
• How is it used?
– smoked: most nicotine in cigarettes is not
ingested - just a small portion when
tobacco is burned and inhaled in smoke
(but 90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed)
• cigarettes are the only product advertised
that are lethal when used as intended
– snuff: powdered tobacco mixed with salts,
oils; can be used intranasally
– chew: loose leaf form
Nicotine: Prevalence of Use
• NSDUH data 2010
– _____________ of Americans reported current
smoking, which translates into about ____ million
people.
– Cigars _______
Smokeless _________
• Monitoring the Future Study –University of Michigan
– Among 12th graders, about _______current smokers
(2006)
• Smoking during pregnancy
Past Month Cigarette Use among Women Aged 15 to
44, by Age and Pregnancy Status: 2005-2006 Combined
Cig Use by Age - 2006
Nicotine’s Pharmacology
 when smoked, nicotine reaches brain in about
7 seconds, quicker than mainlined heroin
 about 4,000 chemical substances are generated by
chemical reactions from the intense heat of a lit
cigarette
 ACH, DA are major neurotransmitters involved
 affects body/brain significantly
 it is a ___________ substance
 increases BP, heart rate, arousal level, attention
 biphasic nature > higher doses can relax muscles
WHAT ABOUT EXPECTANCY
EFFECTS?
• Why Do People Say They Use This
Drug
–
–
–
–
– Other?
Addiction & Withdrawal
Indicators
• Is it Addictive? How do we know?
 Tolerance develops quickly, yet can’t overdose on
cigarettes (but 1 drop of pure nicotine can kill you)
 Withdrawal symptoms occur and may last from 1-3
days; psychological symptoms may last longer
 DSM criteria for dependence is called
____________________. Is withdrawal
syndrome identified in DSM? Intoxication?
Consequences
• Short-term: high BP, SOB, direct damage of lung
tissue; bad breath, allergic reactions
• Long-term: most preventable cause of premature
death; cancer, heart disease, COPD; use of smokeless
tobacco produces increased risk of oral and digestive
tract cancers
– long-term alcohol use can contribute to smoking-related
cancers; about 80-95% alcoholics smoke
• Social: passive smoking effects • Psychological:
Why & How to Quit
• Stages of Change
– Most relapse after serious attempts to quit
– The majority who do quit do so on their
own, usually after repeated unsuccessful
efforts; cessation programs can be effective
• Tobacco as a Gateway Drug
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE
USE DISORDERS
MOTIVATION AND STAGES OF CHANGE
• Pre-Contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
Advertising and Exporting
Nicotine
• e.g. to Asia / China, Latin America…
• Billboards advertising cigarettes are
now banned in Florida and elsewhere
around the nation
 New, aggressive PSA campaigns
CDC “Tips from Former
Smokers” ad campaign:
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/cam
paign/tips/resources/videos/