Transcript REGULATIONS ON AFLATOXIN IN LIVESTOCK FEEDS AND …

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REGULATIONS ON AFLATOXIN IN LIVESTOCK FEEDS
AND CURRENT STATUS OF ANIMAL FEED REGULATION
IN NIGERIA
JOSEPH NYAGER
(DVM, MSC)
DIRECTOR/CVO
FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT
ABUJA -NIGERIA
Outline
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Introduction
Major Aflatoxin contaminated feed ingredients
Major risk factors for Nigeria
Aflatoxins in fish, pig and poultry
Previous efforts made on regulation of Aflatoxin in livestock
feeds
Status of animal feed regulation in Nigeria
Conclusion
Introduction
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Nigeria in West Africa.
About 160 million people.
36 states and 773 LGAs.
Nigeria
Africa
Animal Resources of Nigeria
Nigeria has the largest animal resources in the West
African region.
 Cattle
17 million
 Sheep
33 million
 Goats
52 million
 Poultry
166 million
 Pigs
6.6 million
 Camels and Donkey
0.7 million
Source: FAOSTAT, 2009
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Agriculture contributes 44% to National GDP - Livestock
contributes 25% of the Agricultural GDP
Aflatoxins
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Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are
produced by different species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the
most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus
parasitium
Aflatoxin B1 is known to be the most significant form that
causes serious risk to animals and human health
Common Aflatoxin contaminated feed sources
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Protein sources :
Groundnut cake
 Palm kernel meal
 Cotton seed cake
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Energy sources:
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Rice-bran
Wheat
Maize and by-products
Aflatoxin B1 is the most common form of the
toxin- found in groundnut, maize and sorghum.
Major Risk factors
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Tropical and subtropical environmental conditions
Poor feed storage and shipment conditions
lack of regulation in amount of aflatoxin in food and feed
Less attention given to feed quality control
Cultural practices of feed preservation
Low awareness on effects of aflatoxins
Aflatoxins in fish
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Fish farming is becoming increasingly lucrative and
proficient in Nigeria
45% of the fish consumed in Nigeria are smoked - dried
Studies have confirmed that aflatoxin B concentrations in
the sample of smooked fish were between 1.5 – 8.1 μg/kg,
Adebayo-Tayo et al., 2008 .
Smoked-dried fish stored for sale in some parts of the
country may be heavily contaminated with aflatoxins
An indication that prolonged intake of smoked fish with
these metabolites may constitute potential public health
hazard
Aflatoxin in Pigs
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It has been demonstrated that for each mg/kg increase of aflatoxin in the
diet of pigs, the growth rate would be depressed by 16 % .
Feeding diets contaminated with aflatoxin increases the risk of vitamin s
A and E deficiency in pigs and also depresses the immune system
Dietary aflatoxin B1 concentrations from 70 to 140 mg/kg decreased the
rate of weight gain by 5 to 11 %, (Yueming Dersjant-Li.,et al; 2003)
Immune-suppressive effects of aflatoxin in pigs renders them more
susceptible to any concurrent diseases - viral influenza and mycoplasma
pneumonia and secondary infections .
Cumulatively , a big lose to pig fatteners who are after faster turnovers
Aflatoxin in poultry
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Poultry -the most affected, as over 60% of poultry feeds
sources are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination
Poultry absorb aflatoxin faster but excrete the metabolites
slower than other animals
Feeding of aflatoxin contaminated feed to poultry leads to:
•Reduced feed intake
•Reduced growth rate
•Poor feed conversion efficiency
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These are key indices in a successful poultry production
Aflatoxin in man
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Residues of aflatoxin and metabolites in food may lead to:
Liver damage, carcinogenic effect s in man, severe tissue
and organ damage and can eventually result in death
Food stuff containing aflatoxin levels in excess of 20 ppb is
not wholesome for human consumption and animal feeds.
Toxin factors
•Heat stable – not destroyed by processing .
•Invisible, odourless and tasteless .
•Toxin passes through the food chain to humans residues in muscles, kidneys, liver, eggs etc
•Reduces feed intake, nutrients in feed and nutrient
absorption, altered nutrient metabolism, immunosuppression and cell death.
Abdu, 2012
Regulations on Aflatoxin
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No specific regulation on Aflatoxin in livestock feeds yet
NLDC in 2012 set up a committee to come up with a
comprehensive and all encompassing proposal on regulation
and standards of livestock feeds
Committee’s report to be considered and sent to the NCA’s
meeting in 2013
ATA supports the institutionalization and review of regulations
that will enhance food safety and international trade.
Status of animal feed regulation
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Existing legislation is being reviewed to address
current challenges in the livestock feed industry
Collaborating organizations and institutions include:
 FMA&RD and agencies
 SON
 Feed industries
 Livestock famers
Challenges of Aflatoxin in Nigeria
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Un-quantified economic consequences:
 Trade inhibition
 Direct and indirect production losses
 Post harvest losses to farmers
 Disease burden in both human and animals
 Mortality in both human and animals
Conclusion
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Feeding aflatoxin contaminated materials to animals and
aquaculture impairs:
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Feed intake
Efficiency of feed utilization and/or animal health
Moreover, residues of aflatoxins, consumed by animals, can appear in
animal products consumed by human
Realistic regulations on control of aflatoxins in animal feeds is
crucial and important aspect of food safety.