Transcript Willow Bioenergy Crops: Locally Grown Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy Workshop
CDAE-106
Intro
Gary Flomenhoft
http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE106/
Peak Oil
CLIMATE CHANGE
WORLD
ENERGY
Fossil Fuel: 75.9%
Nuclear: 5.7%
Renewable: 18.4%
Net Energy
DIRECT-GAIN
• Large south facing windows
that let in the sunlight.
• Thermal mass is used to
absorb the radiation.
• At night the absorbed heat is
radiated back into the living
space.
CDAE 170
Solar Building Strategies
PV system design
Dec. 1, 2003
Gary Flomenhoft
BSME, MAPP, CEE
Research Associate
Gund Institute, SNR
Collectors-Flat Plate
Collectors-Evacuated tube
Installation
Offgrid-24V Inverter-batteries-generator
Photoelectric Effect
A picture of an typical silicon PV cell
Now a short video:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/multimedia.html
CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS
• This is the process of
creating an ingot.
• A small single silicon rod
(seed) is placed in an inert
gas at high temps.
• When the seed is rotated
up and out silicon adheres
to it to form an ingot.
EVERGREEN-STRING RIBBON
NONOSOLAR: paint-on
CELLS -> MODULES
• Wafers 5 inches square and .012 inches thick are sliced from the ingot.
• They are then processed into cells and soldered together to achieve the desired
voltage.
• Cells arrayed in series are called modules.
MANUFACTURERS
• Sharp Electronics
Corporation
• Sanyo
• bp Solar
• Shell
• Sunwise
• Uni-Solar
• AstroPower
POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR
PANELS
“Energy of the Future”
Thin Film History
• Developed in 1980
• Applied to calculators, watches and
other portable low-watt appliances
• Expanded to larger appliances as
efficiency rate increased
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Cost by Brand
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• Unisolar 21 watt= $153.00
• Shell 20 watt= $198.00
• Isofoton 165 watt= $650.00
-research shows that on average thin cell costs $5
per watt
Solar Charge Controllers
Alison Ray and Scott Hamshaw
Solar Trackers
Getting the most out of your PV panels
What is an Inverter?
• An inverter is an
electrical circuit capable
of turning DC power into
AC power, while at the
same time regulating the
voltage, current, and
frequency of the signal
Batteries?
Micro-Hydro site
• 15 kw of power
• Servicing 25 homes
• $30,000
Turbines: Reaction or Impulse
Turbines: Reaction or Impulse
Impulse-type Turbine
• High-head use• (Vertical drop > 10m)
• High pressure (PSI)
Harris DC Hydro systems
Inside of Micro Turbine
• 4 inch diameter impulse
turbine
• Creates 200 watts of
power
• Cost $1440
Impulse Turbines
Turgo: Medium head (>4ft)
Pelton: High head (>10ft), low
flow
Crossflow: Low
head, high flow
Impulse machines-Stream engine -$1895
Stream engine top
Stream engine bottom
PF-175
PF-175-$950 (plus shipping from India)
14KW Canyon Industries Pelton
Reaction-type Turbine
• Low-head situations (high
flow/ low PSI)
Reaction-type Turbine-Propellor
• Low-head situations (high
flow/ low PSI)
REACTION TURBINES
Francis
Kaplan or propellor
Reaction machine installation
LH (Low head)-1000 reaction machine-$1895
Reaction-type Turbine-Kaplan
• Low-head situations (high flow/ low
PSI)
Wind Turbines
Biomass: In Vermont
VT Energy Consumption Sources
• Nuclear 36%
• System 14%
• Hydro Quebec 35%
• Oil 2%
• Gas 1%
• Other Renewable 5%
Since 1984, Vermont has met all increase
• Small Hydro 7%
in energy demands(a total of 125 Mw) by
renewable in-state sources:
EPA Landfill
Incentive Program
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/
-40 Mw Small Hydro
-73 Mw McNeil/Rygate
(Biomass Plants)
-6 Mw Searsburg Wind Farm
Kinds of Biomasstraditional
•
Trees- Wood has been used as a source of energy throughout human history and today the
most commonly used form or biomass. Today there are still many people in third world
countries using it to provide heat and energy. There are also ‘purpose grown’ tree farms
which are specifically grown to produce wood for energy in larger developed countries.
More traditional Biomass types
• Straw is used similarly too
wood, it is burned and used to
make heat and energy
• Animal Dung- Poop is often
used as a source of heat and
energy
More non-traditional Biomass
• Landfill gas- The gas
emitted from landfills is
very rich in methane, it is
collected and used to
generate power in small
scale power plants.
Gasohol
• Ethanol Alcohol
generated by fermenting
sugar cane or corn is
combined with gas and
used to power
cars…mmm…tasty
gasohol.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is made from:
• vegetable oil
• alcohol (20-30%)
• sodium/potassium
hydroxide (2-3%)
Geothermal Heat Pumps
•
•
A geothermal heat pump system consists of
pipes buried in the shallow ground near the
building, a heat exchanger, and ductwork into
the building. In winter, heat from the
relatively warmer ground goes through the
heat exchanger into the house.
In summer, hot air from the house is pulled
through the heat exchanger into the relatively
cooler ground. Heat removed during the
summer can be used as no-cost energy to heat
water.
Seasonal GHP’s
Geysers
•
•
•
Water at bottom of container is under
great pressure and will not boil until
temperature is above 100oC
When boiling begins, a great amount of
pressure is released, causing the water to
boil rapidly.
Steam-driven water, under great
pressure, rushes up to the neck, and
sprays steam into the air