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Module VI Moral Reasoning in Addiction Publishing Ethical Traditions Applicable to Publication Ethics • Ethics of virtue and character • Ethics of individual acts and rights • Social ethics in service of the common good Nuremberg Code: 1949 Helsinki Declaration 1964 • The scientist’s obligations to individual subjects take precedence over any obligations to the state • There are different moral implications to therapeutic and non-therapeutic research • Informed consent of the subject is morally essential • Only qualified persons should conduct research General Ethical Principles Respect for persons Autonomy and self-determination Meaningful informed and voluntary consent Beneficence Maximizing benefits by promoting the wellbeing of subjects and society Non-maleficence Minimizing harm Justice Persons bearing burden of research should receive appropriate benefits: subjects should not be placed at risk merely because of convenient access, their compromised position, or ability to be manipulated. Ethical principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research (Belmont Report 1979) 1 Checklist for Analysis of Critical Incidents Incident/situation 1 Whose interests are involved; who can be harmed? interests and vulnerabilities significant yourself co-workers institution professional field science / society Which interests, if any, are in conflict? moderate minimal / none 2 Application of Universal Values ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Autonomy (freedom over one's own destiny) Beneficence (do good; help others) Non-maleficence (don't hurt anyone) Justice (be fair; distribute by merit) Obedience (obey legal and ethically permissible directives) Conscientious refusal (disobey illegal or unethical directives) Gratitude (pass good along to others) Competence (be knowledgeable and skilled) Stewardship (use resources wisely) Honesty and candor (tell the truth) Fidelity (keep your promises) Loyalty (don't abandon) Diligence (work hard) Discretion (respect confidence and privacy) Self-improvement (be the best that you can be) Restitution (make amends to persons injured) Self-interest (protect yourself) Other culture-specific values 3 What Laws, Standards, Policies, Practice Guidelines, Historical Practices should Guide us in this Situation? Copyright laws Review Board/Ethics Committee standards Professional policy documents Toward a Moral Compass Patients/subjects – Do no harm – Benefit the participant The scientific community – Transparency – Honesty – Accuracy Procedures to Prevent or Resolve Moral Dilemmas • • • • • Ethical review Risk-benefit analysis Informed consent Peer review Uniform requirements for attributing authorship credits • Professional ethics: ISAJE Guidelines Risk/Benefit Analysis • • • • • • • Age, gender, socioeconomic status Current or prior substance abuse problem Family history and other indicators of risk Medical and psychological status Availability of backup services Provisions for de-briefing of subjects Formal and informal coercion to participate Responsible Performance of Research • Choice of research question • Research design to avoid subjectivity and minimize bias • Unbiased collection of data • Data management, storage, retrieval and ownership • Analysis of data Reporting of Findings • • • • Review of literature and citation procedures Crediting previous work Interpretation of findings Sharing research materials, data and information • Duplicate and fragmented publication • Avoidance of premature reporting or publishing Reporting in the public media