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Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllaceae--
the pink or carnation family
(66-75/2,000;
cosmopolitan with most in temperate and warm-temperate of Northern Hemisphere)
Habit herbs (rarely shrubs); NO betalains
Leaves opposite and decussate, simple; entire, stipulate or estipulate; attached
to swollen nodes
Inflorescences cymose or solitary
Special floral characters petals often differentiated into claw and blade, petals
often notched at apex, or “pinked”, or variously lobed
Calyx 5 (4) sepals distinct or connate
Corolla 5 (4) (0) petals distinct; actinomorphic
Androecium (3-) 10 stamens, distinct
Gynoecium 2-5 carpels; connate; superior; 1 locule with few-many free-central
ovules OR 1 locule with 1 basal ovule; styles as many as carpels, simple
Fruit= usually a denticidal capsule or achene; peripherally curved embryo
(Floral formula: Ca
5
Co
5
A
10
G
2-5
)
Caryophyllidae
Polygonaceae --
the buckwheat family
(30-49/1,000; mostly north temperate)
Habit herbs, shrubs (lianas or trees); NO betalains
Leaves variable phyllotaxy, simple; entire, estipulate or stipulate with fused
sheathing stipules forming an ochrea
Inflorescences solitary or often in paniculiform or spike-like clusters
Special floral characters flowers sometimes subtended by calyx-like involucre,
hypanthium often present
Calyx 2-5 sepals in one series OR 6 (4) sepals in two series
Corolla absent
Androecium 3-9 stamens, distinct; free or filaments basally adnate to sepals
Gynoecium 2-3(4) carpels; connate; superior; 1 locule with 1 basal ovule; styles as
many as carpels, simple
Fruit= triangular or lenticular achene or small nut; often surrounded by closely
appressed inner whorl of calyx; embryo curved or straight
(Floral formula: Ca
4-5 OR 3 + 3
Co
0
A
3-9
G
2-3
)
Caryophyllidae
Chenopodiaceae--
the goosefoot family
(110-113/1,500; mostly in
temperate and subtropical areas)
Habit herbs, shrubs (sometimes succulent) common in saline habitats; betalains
present.
Leaves alternate (opposite), simple; entire, estipulate; with mealy pubescence
Inflorescences solitary or cymosely clustered in racemiform, paniculiform, or
spike-like clusters
Special floral characters flowers perfect or imperfect
Calyx 3-5 (1-2 or 0), distinct or connate
Corolla absent
Androecium 1-5 stamens, distinct; opposite the sepals
Gynoecium 2(3) carpels; connate; superior(inferior); 1 locule with 1 basal ovule;
styles as many as carpels, simple
Fruit= Fruit an achene or utricle (utricle=a bladdery achene with the pericarp
loose and fragile); coiled or peripherally curved embryo
(Floral formula: Ca
3-5
Co
0
A
1-5
G
2-3
)
Caryophyllidae
Cactaceae --
the cactus family
(20-200/1000-2000 Debatable!; xeric, warm parts of
the New World (Rhipsalis an African disjunct) )
Habit shrubs, trees, stem-succulents (stem cylindrical, ribbed or flattened) and
epiphytes; betalains present
Leaves alternate, simple; entire, often highly reduced and cauducous or absent,
estipulate; areoles present, bearing 1-many spines only OR 1-many spines
and many glochids
Inflorescences solitary and emerging from areoles or bursting through epidermis
Special floral characters showy flowers with many floral parts, sunken in stem,
stamens sometimes display reflexaction, hypanthium sometimes welldeveloped
Perianth numerous tepals, outer spirals sepaloid, inner spirals petaloid
Androecium many stamens, distinct, basally adnate to innermost tepals
Gynoecium 2-many carpels; connate; inferior (sunken into stem); 1 locule with
many parietal ovules; 1 style, usually hollow, with 2-many stigma lobes
Fruit= berry, capsule or spiny burr; embryo curved or straight
(Floral formula: T

A G )
Caryophyllidae
Cactaceae --
comments
Comments: Great group, many commonly cultivated members including: Cereus,
Epiphyllum (Orchid Cactus), Mammillaria, Opuntia (Prickly Pear, edible),
Rhipsalis, and Schlumbergera (Christmas Cactus). CAM photosynthesis extremely
common in members. The family is typically divided into subfamilies based on
various leaf and stem characters.
The Cactaceae is a New World family, but there is one disjunct genus, Rhipsalis,
that is found on the west coast of Africa. How do you think it got there?
This could be evidence that this family as a whole:
1) evolved before the Gondwana continent (Africa, South America, India,
Antarctica) had completely split and this family died out except in South
America and Africa
2) evolved in South America and was later dispersed to Africa across the Atlantic
How could you use taxonomy or phylogenetics to try and answer this question?
-family Caryophyllidae
Nyctaginaceae --
the four-o’clock family
(30+, 300; distribution: tropical and
subtropical worldwide, a few temperate members)
Habit herbs, shrubs, trees; betalains present
Leaves mostly opposite, simple; entire, often slightly unequal in size, estipulate;
herbage commonly sticky glandular
Inflorescences cymes, umbels, heads, panicles, racemes, sometimes involucrate
Special floral characters petals absent, showy fused petaloid calyx often
constricted above ovary, if involucrate: bracts can be showy
Calyx 5 sepals, petaloid, connate
Corolla absent
Androecium 1-30 stamens, distinct or filaments basally connate, free or adnate to
calyx tube
Gynoecium 1 carpel; superior; 1 locule with 1 basal ovule; 1 style
Fruit= achene, often surrounded by hardened base of the calyx tube
(Floral formula: Ca
5
Co
0
A
5
G
1
)