Transcript Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily

Rosids – Malvids:
Myrtales - Brassicales - Malvales - Sapindales
Spring 2012
Fig. 8.30
Core Eudicots: Rosids-Malvids
Malvids
Order Myrtales
Myrtaceae – Eucalyptus
Onagraceae – Evening primroses
Order Brassicales
Brassicaceae* – Mustards
Order Malvales
Malvaceae* – Mallows, cotton, chocolate
Order Sapindales
Sapindaceae* – Maples, lychee
Rutaceae – Citrus
*family required for recognition
Rosids-Malvids:
Myrtales: Myrtaceae
(The Eucalyptus or Myrtle Family)
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Pantropical; highly diverse in warm temperate Australia
Trees or shrubs often with flaky bark
Diversity: 4,600-5,500 species in 144 genera
Flowers: Hypanthium well developed; sepals and petals 4-5;
stamens usually numerous; carpels 2-5, connate; ovary inferior
to half-inferior; fruit usually a 1-many seeded berry or
loculicidal capsule
Significant features: Highly aromatic leaves & stems due to
many terpenoid and resinous compounds; leaves entire with
scattered pellucid dots containing these compounds
Special uses: Eucalyptus important source of timber; many
used as ornamentals; cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), allspice
(Pimenta dioica); guava (Psidium guajava)
Family not required
Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus
• Foliage dimorphic (juvenile leaves are
rounded & stem-clasping; adult leaves are
longer, willowy, and petioled)
• Flower buds covered by an operculum
(fused sepals or petals or both) that falls
off at anthesis
• Fruit a conical capsule (gumnut)
• Primarily Australian;
ca. 800 species,
some cultivated
in the U.S.
Rosids-Malvids:
Myrtales: Onagraceae
(The Evening Primrose Family)
• Widely distributed, primarily in western North
America and South America
• Mostly herbs, some shrubs, trees
• Diversity: ca. 650 species in 17-22 genera
• Flowers: Showy; sepals & petals (2-) 4 (-7);
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stamens (4) 8, not incurved in bud, pollen with
viscin threads; carpels usually 4; ovary inferior;
long hypanthium; cruciform stigmas; fruit is a
loculicidal capsule or berry
Significant features: Tetramerous flowers!!
Special uses: Several ornamental herbs
Family not required
Onagraceae:
Clarkia!
Onagraceae: Oenothera
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Herbaceous
Leaves usually alternate
Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary
Corolla usually yellow (can be white or
pink)
• Fruit a loculicidal capsule with many
seeds or nut-like, indehiscent and fewseeded
• Seeds naked
Onagraceae: Oenothera
Oenothera speciosa
Rosids-Malvids:
Brassicales: Brassicaceae
(‘Cruciferae’ - The Mustard Family)
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Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, SW Asia,
and western North America
Herbs, shrubs or trees; (sometimes herbs); glucosinolates
(mustard oils) present in all taxa
Diversity: 3,400-3,700 species in 321-338 genera
Flowers: Sepals 4; petals 4 (cruciform), often clawed; stamens 6,
all + equal or usually 2 shorter and 4 longer (tetradynamous);
carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, usually
dehiscing by splitting into 2 valves leaving a persistent cross-wall,
a silique or silicle
Significant features: 4-merous flowers; often pioneers after
disturbance
Special uses: Many important food plants – cabbage, broccoli,
cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea), turnip
(Brassica rapa), mustards (Brassica spp.), horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana), and a wide range of ornamentals
Required taxa: Brassica
Brassicaceae
clawed petals
tetradynamous stamens
cruciform petals
silique - silicle
Arabidopsis thaliana
The model plant of
choice for much of
molecular biology.
Brassicaceae: Brassica
-annuals or biennials
-at least the lower leaves
deeply pinnatifid, lyrate
or pinnate
-racemes without bracts
-sepals erect during anthesis
-petals yellow
-ovary and silique with a
prominent beak
Brassica
oleracea
Rosids-Malvids:
Malvales: Malvaceae
(The Mallow Family)
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Cosmopolitan
Trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs; vegetative parts with mucilage;
leaves often palmately veined and lobed (may be pinnately
veined) or palmately compound; stellate hairs
Diversity: 4,200 species in ca. 250 genera
Flowers: Sepals & petals 5, calyx valvate; stamens 5 to many,
monadelphous or polydelphous; carpels 2 to many, connate,
superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, also berry,
samara, schizocarp, or drupe
Significant features: basic inflorescence unit a modified, 3bracted cyme; flowers often associated with conspicuous
bracts forming an epicalyx; nectaries of densely packed,
multicellular glandular hairs, usually on sepals
Special uses: cotton (Gossypium), cacao or chocolate
(Theobroma), durian (Durio), balsa wood (Ochroma); many
ornamentals, e.g. hibiscus (Hibiscus)
Required taxa: Hibiscus, Gossypium
Malvaceae
Polydelphous stamens
Monadelphous stamens
Theobroma cacao
Malvaceae: Hibiscus
-herbs or shrubs
-epicalyx of a circle
of several bractlets
-filament column
bearing anthers for
much of its length
-styles distinct
-fruit a 5-locular
loculicidal capsule
-seeds 2-several per
locule, kidney-shaped
Malvaceae: Gossypium
-subshrubs to shrubs
-epicalyx of 3-5-7 large,
cordate, toothed bracts
-styles united
-fruit a 3-5-locular
loculicidal capsule
-seeds + globular, often
with hair (lint)
Rosids-Malvids:
Sapindales: Sapindaceae
(The Maple Family)
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Mainly tropical and subtropical, a few diverse in the temperate
zone (e.g., Acer, Aesculus)
Trees, shrubs or lianas with tendrils
Diversity: 1,450-1,580 species in 131-135 genera
Flowers: Unisexual or bisexual; sepals & petals 4-5, petals often
clawed, with more or less basal appendages adaxially; usually an
extrastaminal nectar disk present; stamens 8 or fewer (rarely up to
12), filaments usually hairy or papillose; carpels 2 or 3, connate,
superior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, or schizocarp; seeds with a
deep fold or pocket in the seed coat
Significant features: presence of saponins in many
Special uses: lumber, maple syrup (Acer saccharum); many
ornamentals; tropical fruits (longan, lychee, rambutan)
Required taxa: Acer
Sapindaceae: Acer
-trees or sometimes shrubs
-leaves opposite, simple and
palmately lobed, rarely pinnately
or palmately compound
-calyx usually 5-lobed
-petals 0 or as many as the calyx lobes
-ovary with 2 connate, winged carpels,
2 ovules per carpel
-fruit a schizocarp, splitting into 2
samaroid mericarps
Some treatments retain this as Aceraceae!
Rosids-Malvids:
Sapindales: Rutaceae
(The Citrus Family)
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Nearly cosmopolitan, primarily tropical to subtropical
Trees or shrubs, sometimes with thorns, spines or prickles
Diversity: 1,800-1,900 species in 158-161 genera
Flowers: Sepals & petals 4 – 5; stamens 8-10; annular nectar
disk; carpels 4-5 to many, connate, superior ovary; axile
placentation; fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, cluster of follicles or
modified berry with leathery, glandular rind (i.e., hesperidium in
Citrus).
Significant features: Aromatic oils chemically complex; simple
or compound leaves with pellucid dots containing aromatic
ethereal oils
Special uses: many desirable fruits - oranges, lemons, limes,
tangerine, grapefruit (Citrus), kumquat (Fortunella), several
ornamentals, e.g. cork tree (Phellodendron)
Family not required
Pellucid dots
Rutaceae: Citrus
-leaves apparently simple,
of 1 leaflet
-ovary compound, entire
or only slightly lobed
-fruit a hesperidium