Transcript Asterids

Asterids – Part 1
Basal Asterids, Asterids I (Lamiids)
Spring 2011
Phylogeny of the Major Angiosperm Groups
Eudicots
Core Eudicots
Basal Tricolpates
Caryophyllids
Rosids
Magnoliids &
Monocots
Basal
Angiosperms
Amborella
tricolpate pollen
ANITA grade
Asterids
Asterid characters
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Molecular data
Ovules with a single integument
(reduction from two integuments)
Iridoid compounds
Core Asterids
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Number of stamens = number of petals
Epipetalous stamens
Sympetalous corolla (also in Ericales)
Molecular data
Two main clades: lamiids (euasterids I:
Garryales, Gentianales, Lamiales,
Solanales) and campanulids (euasterids II:
Aquifoliales, Apiales, Dipsacales,
Asterales)
Asterid taxa
“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales – dogwoods
Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries
Asterids I (lamiids)
Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers
Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee
Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons
Asterids II (campanulids)
Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley
Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry
Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers
Core Asterids
Asterid taxa – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales
Cornaceae – dogwoods
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Asterids I (lamiids)
Order Solanales
Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Gentianales
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Order Lamiales
Asterids II (campanulids)
“Basal” Asterids:
Cornales: Cornaceae
(The Dogwood Family)
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Widespread, especially common in north temperate regions
Usually trees or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, usually entire, with
secondary veins smoothly arching toward leaf margins (arcuate
venation)
Diversity: 110 species in 7 genera
Flowers: Sepals & petals 4-5; stamens 4-10, pollen apertures with an
H-shaped thin region; carpels usually 2 or 3, connate, inferior ovary;
fruit a drupe, the pit winged or ridged
Significant features: Nectar disk on top of the ovary; inflorescences
sometimes with showy bracts; basal lineage of the Asterids!
Special uses: Ornamentals such as (Cornus) and tupelo (Nyssa)
Required taxa: Cornus
Cornaceae: Cornus
-shrubs, trees or herbs with usually
opposite simple leaves
-flowers small, in open cymes or
in close heads surrounded by
petal-like bracts (false flowers)
-calyx minutely 4-toothed
-petals 4, stamens 4
-fruit a small drupe
“Basal” Asterids:
Ericales: Ericaceae
(The Heath or Blueberry Family)
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Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North
America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded
habitats
Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking
chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral
Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera
Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a
cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers often with
appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads;
carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or
loculic. capsule, berry, drupe
Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence &
sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous
Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron
and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy
ornamentals
Required taxa: Rhododendron
Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-shrubs or small trees with deciduous
or evergreen leaves
-flowers developed from scaly buds,
mostly 5-merous
-corolla deciduous
-stamens usually 2x the number of
corolla lobes; anthers with poricidal
dehiscence
-ovary superior
-fruit a septicidal capsule
“Basal” Asterids:
Ericales: Polemoniaceae
(The Phlox Family)
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Widely distributed; most diverse in temperate regions,
especially western North America
Herbs, occasionally shrubs or small trees
Diversity: 380 species in 18 genera
Flowers: Sepals 5; petals usually 5, strongly connate
forming a narrow tube, distal (free) ends of petals often
markedly bent; stamens usually 5, filaments adnate to
corolla tube; carpels 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit
usually a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: Flowers distinctive with narrow tube
and plicate and convolute corolla lobes
Special uses: Many ornamentals (Phlox, Gilia,
Polemonium)
Family not required: for information only
Polemoniaceae: Phlox
-herbaceous perennials (usually)
-leaves usually opposite, simple, entire
-flowers in cymes
-stamens very unequally inserted on the
long corolla tube
-capsules ovoid
Asterid taxa – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales
Cornaceae – dogwoods
Order Ericales
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Asterids I (lamiids)
Order Solanales
Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Gentianales
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Order Lamiales
Asterids II (campanulids)
Asterids I:
Solanales: Solanaceae
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(The Potato Family)
Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics
Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a
‘solanaceous smell’
Diversity: 2,510 species in 102 genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously
tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to
corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate,
oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary;
fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)
Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane
alkaloids; belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.
Special uses: Many useful fruits and vegetables (potatoes &
tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some
ornamentals (Petunia)
Required taxa: Petunia, Solanum
Solanaceae: Solanum
-herbs or shrubs
-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous,
deeply lobed
-anthers forming a tube around
the style, with terminal openings;
filaments short
-fruit a berry, usually 2-locular
-ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical
Solanaceae: Petunia
-herbs with upper leaves tending
to become opposite
-corolla slightly irregular,
a little bilabiate, funnelform or
salverform
-stamens unequal, 1 much
smaller than the others
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Edibles:
•Cayenne pepper (Capsicum)
•Eggplant (Solanum)
•Green pepper (Capsicum)
•Red pepper (Capsicum)
•Potato (Solanum)
•Tomato (Solanum)
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Medicinal/toxic plants
~ Alkaloids!
•Belladona (Atropa)
•Henbane (Hyoscyamus)
•Jimson-weed (Datura)
•Nightshade (Solanum)
•Mandrake (Mandragora)
•Tobacco (Nicotiana)
Asterids I:
Solanales: Convolvulaceae
(The Morning Glory Family)
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Widespread; most diverse in tropical, and subtropical regions
Twining and climbing herbs, often with laticifers; leaves alternate and
spiral
Diversity: 1,930 species in 55 genera
Flowers: often showy; sepals 5, distinct or only slightly connate;
petals 5, connate into funnelform tube, plicate and twisted in bud;
stamens usually 5, filaments epipetalous, often of unequal lengths;
carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septifragal, circumcissile,
or variously dehiscing capsule
Significant features: Latex (milky sap); flowers last for a day or less
Special uses: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) root eaten as
vegetable; some used as ornamentals, e.g. morning glory (Ipomoea);
bindweed (Convolvulus), dodder (Cuscuta)
Family not required: for information only
Asterids I:
Gentianales: Rubiaceae
(The Coffee or Madder Family)
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Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions
Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or
whorled
Diversity: 9,000 species in 550 genera
Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5,
connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5,
adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a
loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp
Significant features: interpetiolar stipules
Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug
obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit)
comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora
provide ornamentals
Required taxa: Galium
Rubiaceae
interpetiolar stipules
Rubiaceae: Galium
-stems 4-angled
-slender herbs with whorled leaves
-flowers small, in cymes
-calyx teeth obsolete
-corolla rotate
-stamens 4 (rarely 3)
-1 ovule per locule, the 2 carpels
separating when ripe
Asterids I:
Gentianales: Apocynaceae
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(The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate
regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky
sap
Diversity: 3,700 species in 355 genera
Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or
tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to
the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to
the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petallike; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries
distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and
highly modified, forming a 5-sided head, secreting viscin; fruits often
paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry
Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses
(w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs
Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g. Catharanthus, “Madagascar
periwinkle”), and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium)
Required taxa: Asclepias
Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Vinca
Plumeria
Catharanthus
Apocynum
Thevetia
Nerium
oleander
Figure 9.120 from the text
Apocynaceae with pollinia
Ceropegia
Hoya
Calotropus
Asclepias
Stapelia
Figure 9.121 from the text
Apocynaceae: Asclepias
-plants herbaceous, stems erect
to leaning
-leaves usually opposite, sometimes
alternate or whorled
-inflorescence an umbel
-corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies,
each usually with an incurved horn
but lacking a crest
-pollen in pollinia, the pollinia
suspended
-fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate
follicle, one of the pair often aborting