Chapters 14 & 19
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Transcript Chapters 14 & 19
Classification
Notes
TAXONOMY
Early Classification:
Over 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle, a Greek
philosopher and naturalist grouped
animals and plants according to their
structural similarities.
Later Greeks and Romans grouped plants
and animals into basic categories such as
oaks, dogs, and horses.
Genus – Latin word for group. Groups were
given names that were in Latin.
EX: human = Homo sapien
** Homo is the genus
Taxonomy – the science of naming and classify
organisms.
Simpler System
Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist
who developed a two-word name for
each species. His naming system is
called binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus’s system has been
universally adopted. Most of the
species he described in 1753 still
have the two-part names he gave
them.
The two-part name that every
organism has is its scientific name.
Examples
Felis concolor – mountain lion
Quercus phellos – willow oak
Erithacus rubicula – robin
Genus– the group that the organism belongs to.
Species – most specific in the Linnaeus system
of classification.
Writing the Scientific Name
The genus is always capitalized and
the species is always lower-case.
The entire name is either written in
italics or underlined.
Abbreviating the Scientific Name
First letter of the genus name and the
whole species name
Example: Quercus rubra – Q. rubra (red oak)
*** By using this system, scientist all over the world can
communicate regardless of their native language.
Classifying Organisms
Each living thing is assigned to a series of
groups, beginning with domain (most
inclusive) and ending with species (least
inclusive).
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
Did Korean People Come Over For Gangnam Style
By Jacob Garza
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By Nick Strauss feat: Jacob Garza (“what what”)
C:\Users\cmatula\Documents\Classification levels 1.wmv
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Phylogeny – is an
organism’s
evolutionary
history
Phylogenetic Tree
– displays
evolutionary
relationships in a
branching diagram
Fish
starfish
crab
flatworms
mollusk
jellyfish
sponge
The Six
Kingdoms
THE SIX KINGDOMS
1. ANIMAL
2. PLANT
3. FUNGI
4. PROTIST
5. EUBACTERIA
6. ARCHAEBACTERIA
These kingdoms are grouped according to
their cell type, complexity, and method for
obtaining nutrition.
Cell Type:
Prokaryotic (ex: bacteria)
Eukaryotic (ex: humans)
Cell Walls:
Present
Absent
Body Types:
Unicellular
Multicellular
Nutrition:
Autotrophs – make their own food
Heterotrophs – consume their food
3 DOMAINS
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom – Eubacteria
Domain Archaea
Kingdom – Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms:
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Characteristics:
Prokaryotes; small; unicellular
Found in practically every environment on Earth
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Have a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
Has a single mRNA strand for transcription
Most abundant organism on Earth
Important as decomposers
*** Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and
pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Kingdom: Archeabacteria
Characteristic:
Prokaryotes
Have a cell wall
(not peptidoglycan but lipids)
More closely related to
Eukaryotes than bacteria
Some live in extreme
environments such as hot
springs and salty lakes.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
3 Basic kinds of Archaebacteria
Methanogens:
Live in mud swamps
Form methane gas
Halophiles – live in extreme salt conditions
Extremophiles:
Thermophiles – live in hot places
Nonextreme Archaebacteria:
Grow in same environment as bacteria
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DOMAIN EUKARYA
Characteristics:
Eukaryotes – cells are larger than prokaryotes
Highly organized cell interior
Multicellular
Sexual reproduction
4 kingdoms have in Domain Eukarya:
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protista Characteristics:
Multicellular and unicellular
Most are microscopic
Some have cell walls
Many are aquatic
Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs
Move about using flagella, cilia and pseudopods
Important part of the ocean food chain
Reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually
under stress
PROTISTA
Flagella
Amoebapseudopods
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Cilia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Fungi Characteristics:
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Cell wall made of chitin
Multicellular but one group is unicellular
Yeast cells are unicellular
Do not move from place to place
Lack chlorophyll therefore they are heterotrophs
Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes on
whatever they grow on
Some live on dead organisms and some are parasites
FUNGI
FYI:
about 100 people
die each year from
eating poisonous
mushrooms
Other examples:
Mold
Mildew
yeast
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DOMAIN EUKARYA
Plant Characteristics:
All mutlicellular
Almost all are autotrophs
Have specialized cells
Cell walls are composed of cellulose
Cannot move
Spore and seeds allow the dispersal (spread) of
plants
They are the “Nutritional Foundation” in an
ecosystem
Used as food, Medicine, dye, cloths, paper, etc
PLANTS
Flowers
Trees
Ferns
Characteristics of Plants
Primary producers in most ecosystems and
provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial
ecosystems
Release oxygen to atmosphere
Do you remember the equation for
Photosynthesis? Write it below.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
4 Basic Kinds of Plants:
1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small
and lack tissue to transport water and
nutrients. They lack roots stems and
leaves. Example: mosses.
2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots
stems and leaves; reproduce with spores
instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns
3. Nonflowering Seed Plants
(Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce
using seeds but do not produce flowers-they
produce seeds in a CONE.
Example: Pines and Spruces.
Usually have needle like leaves and
live in cold dry (arid) environments.
Leaves falling to the ground make the
soil very acidic and many plants
cannot survive so there is not a lot of
diversity.
What does acidic mean?
What does diversity mean?
4. Flowering Seed Plants
(Angiosperms) Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are
produced in a fruit. Examples: roses,
grasses and oaks.
2 groups of Angiosperms:
Monocots
one cotyledons(seed leaf)
flower parts in 3’s
leaves with parallel veins
vascular tissue is scattered
fibrous root systems.
Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn,
rice and grasses)
2. Dicots
two cotyledons(seed leaf)
flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s
leaves with branching veins
vascular tissue is in circular
bunches
tap root
Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches,
potatoes, tomatoes
A Flower contains the reproductive
organs of the plant.
Parts of a Flower and Their
Functions
Sterile parts: (not used in
reproduction)
Petals-usually colorful to attract
pollinators
Sepals- often green and cover
the bud of a flower and
protects it as it develops.
Female parts:
Pistil- includes all female parts;
located at the center of the flower
Stigma- sticky part on which
pollen lands
Style-connects the stigma to
the ovary
Ovary-contains ovules &
develops into a fruit
Ovule- structure in which an
egg develops and eventually
become seeds
Male parts:
Stamenincludes all male
parts
Antherproduces pollen
Filamentssupports the
anther
Major Parts of A Plant
Major Structures
of VASCULAR
PLANTS include:
ROOTS,
STEMS
AND
LEAVES.
Roots
Take in nutrients from the ground
Anchor plants into the ground
Tap root- one central root with tiny
roots branching off
Fibrous roots-highly branched made
up of many roots that are the same size
Fibrous root
Tap Root
Stems
Made up of several
types of tissue
Supports the leaves
and houses vascular
tissue
Phloem-tissue that
transports nutrients
Xylem- tissue that
transports water
Leaves
Site of food production –photosynthesis
Parts of leaf:
Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that
prevents water loss
Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent
water loss (p503, 561)
Guard cells- border each stoma.
Stomata open and close as the guard cells
change shape.
Guard
cells
Stomata
Stomata
Opened
Stomata
Closed
Epidermis-outer layer of tissue
Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where
photosynthesis occurs
2 Layers of mesophyll:
1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right
below the upper epidermis
2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical
cells between palisade and lower epidermis
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
Vascular
tissue
Spongy
mesophyll
Lower
epidermis
Guard cells Stomata
Transpiration- loss of water from a
plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)
3’s
cotyledon
cotyledon 2’s, 4’s
or 5’s
parallel
netlike
Scattered vascular
tissue
Vascular tissue
in bundles
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Fibrous
roots
Tap
root
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Animal Characteristics:
All are heterotrophs
Multicellular
Cells are mostly diploid
Lack a cell wall
Zygotes develop in several stages
Have specialized tissues
Able to move
Most reproduce sexually
Most animals are invertebrate and lack a
backbone
Animals that have a backbone are vertebrates
ANIMALS
Arthropod
Mammal
Fish
Snake