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Classifying Life’s Diversity Determining Relationship Part 1 http://www.morning-earth.org/ How are Relationships Determined? • Relationships among organisms are determined by similarities in – Structure – Breeding behavior – Geographical distribution – Chromosomes – Biochemistry Structural Similarities Rosa banksiae Lady Banks' Rose Rosa californica California wild rose Rosa canina Dog Rose Structural Similarities Ursus arctos Brown bear Ursus americanus American black bear Ursus maritimus polar bear Breeding Behavior Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle Breeding Behavior Canis lupus familiaris Dog Canis latrans Coyote Geographical Distribution Geospiza conirostris Large Cactus-finch (Galapagos) Geospiza fortis Medium Ground-finch (Galapagos) Geographical Distribution Carduelis citrinella Citril Finch (Europe) Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch Chromosome Comparison Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Gorilla gorilla Gorilla Chromosome Comparison Cabbage Cauliflower Brassica oleracea Broccoli Biochemistry ≠ Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Biochemistry Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Biochemistry Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification http://tbi.montana.edu/ Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification • Phylogeny- classifies species, in comparison to other species, based on most basic to most detailed similarities. • Tree of Life – Trunk: what all living things have in common – Lateral Branches: what each domain has in common – Individual Branches: what each (taxa) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, or Species has in common Note: each taxa does not contain the given traits of those above it, but contains all the given traits below it. Tree of Life • Cladistics- classification based on phylogeny that characterizes species (in a given taxon) on a branch of a tree of life. • Cladogram- a diagram that shows what organisms are closely related to a specific species. Classifying Life’s Diversity The Six Kingdoms Part 2 The Six Kingdoms • Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria • • • • Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia The Six Kingdoms • The main factors that determine which kingdom an organism is classified in are – Cellular structure – Means of obtaining energy Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes- unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane. – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria Archaebacteria • Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus • Energy: • Heterotrophy • Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic • Live in extreme environments • Domain Archaea Eubacteria • Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus • Energy: • Heterotrophy • Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic • Found everywhere but in extreme environments • Domain Bacteria Protists • Structure – Some unicellular; some multicellular – Lack complex organ system • Energy – Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants) – Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals) • Domain Eukarya Fungi • Structure – Some unicellular – Some multicellular • Energy – Heterotrophy – Absorb nutrients from organic materials in environment • Domain Eukarya Plants • Structure – Multicellular – Cells contain a cell wall – Complex organisms; contain organ systems • Energy – Autotrophy – Photosynthetic • Domain Eukarya Animals • Structure – Multicellular – Complex organisms, contain organ systems • Energy – Heterotrophy – Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores • Domain Eukarya