Transcript Introduction/history

Intro/history of Aquaculture
Aquaculture
The art and science of rearing aquatic organisms
(finfish, shellfish, aquatic reptiles, amphibians,
and plants) under controlled conditions.
History of Aquaculture
• First practiced by the Chinese 3,500 to 4,000
years ago
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• Oysters were farmed in Japan about 3,000 years
ago and by the Romans nearly 2,000 years ago
Intro/history of Aquaculture
United States/North America
1850s - first attempt at artificial propagation (Dr.
Theodatus Garlick)
- Brook trout
- Spring fed ponds (Cleveland, Ohio)
1864 –
1866 - First public hatchery was built in New York
- Atlantic Salmon fry produced for enhancement
efforts on the Merrimac River
- High profits -
Intro/history of Aquaculture
1870 - Formation of the “American Fish Cultural
Society”
- Began to apply the scientific method to aquaculture
production
- 19th century –
Purpose of Aquaculture
Commercial (foodfish) production
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Followed AFS development and used
techniques and methods established through
government and academic research
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Foodfish production worldwide
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Purpose of Aquaculture
Important culture species (3 phyla represented)
1. Mollusca
2. Arthropoda (crustaceans)
3. Chordata
Aquaculture
Mollusca
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Scallops
Abalone
Aquaculture
Important culture species
Arthropoda (crustaceans)
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Lobster
Aquaculture
Important culture species
Chordata
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Channel catfish
Atlantic salmon
Tilapia
Carp
Aquaculture
Aquaculture (fish and shellfish)
• Global production has doubled in past 15
years
• > 220 species of finfish and shellfish are
farmed
US (commercial finfish):
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Production estimates (1991): 543,770 tons
valued at approximately $750,250,000
Aquaculture
Catfish - Dominant species cultured in United States
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In late 1950s the methodology for catfish culture
in the US was developed
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At that time, it was demonstrated that a profit
could be made if producers received $1.10/kg
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Today:
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Aquaculture
Rainbow trout
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Important species in the US, Northern Europe,
Chile, etc.
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Freshwater
Also raised in other regions for food and sport.
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Australia (Tasmania)
New Zealand
Aquaculture
Rainbow trout
Idaho is one of the major trout producing region
in US/world.
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Constant temperature (15oC) spring water yearround
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1980-3,400 tons/yr. 1990s > 10,000 tons/yr.
Aquaculture
Atlantic Salmon
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Industry has rapidly expanded in last decade
• High tech
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Net pen culture (primarily foodfish)
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Aquaculture
Other commercial species
Ornamental species
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Florida – raise > 100 species
• >$100 million/yr (1998)
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Value –
Aquaculture
Carp and Tilapia
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Important species in Middle East, China, Japan, etc.
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Grass Carp (in US)
• Aquatic vegetation control
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Tilapia
• Often used as protein supplement for third world
regions
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Purpose of Aquaculture
Commercial Fisheries
• Goal – increase or sustain commercially important
species (other than salmon)
Concept
• Being re-considered
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• Offspring – increased survival
Species
• Flounder
• Cod
• Haddock
• Rockfish
Purpose of Aquaculture
Recreational Fisheries
• Goal – Stocking for angling public
Put and take
• Stock catchable size fish that are available
immediately
• Chase hatchery trucks
• Recreation for the “non” purists
• Provides some states alternative experience
• Seasons that provide proper environmental
conditions
• Spring – trout in some states (trout stamp)
Purpose of Aquaculture
Recreational Fisheries
Put-Grow-and take
• Stock at small size (fingerlings) allow to grow to
large size
• Close harvest of small fish (size restrictions)
Ex:
• Stock fingerling Northern pike in Midwest
• Coho Salmon and SH in Great Lakes (1980s)
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Both approaches provide angling opportunities in
waters that may not support sustainable populations
Purpose of Aquaculture
Augmentation
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Used in waters that can support sustainable
populations but where fishing pressure results in
unbalanced populations
Ex:
• Largemouth bass
• Fishing lowers bass pop. even though forage
base is good
Purpose of Aquaculture
Mitigation/supplementation
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Human activities – destruction or alteration of fish
habitat
Ex:
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Loss of upstream access by anadromous fishes
Decreased access to spawning habitat
Change from riverine to reservoir habitat
Increased turbidity (Ag and industry runoff)
Purpose of Aquaculture
Mitigation/supplementation
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1938 – Congress passed legislation that mandated
for losses of renewable aquatic resources due to
reduction of upstream access for migratory
salmonids
• Results –
“In-kind” mitigation
• Impacted species – re-stocked
May also occur if human activities take water body
out of production – filling lake for construction
Purpose of Aquaculture
Pacific Salmon (Coho, Chinook, Chum, Pink,
Sockeye)
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Primarily reared and released for mitigation
purposes
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Pacific Northwest, Canada (BC), Alaska
Great Lakes (1967) – recreational
fisheries
Purpose of Aquaculture
Species Recovery (ESA)
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Habitat
Hydro
Hatcheries
• One action taken to enhance recovery
Genetic diversity – important
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Ex:
• Sockeye Salmon – 1990s to present (Redfish Lake)
• Lonely Larry
• Cryopreserved semen for next season
• Offspring survival important
Purpose of Aquaculture
Population assessment
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Cultured fish can be marked and used to assess
populations in wild
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• Recapture of tagged/untagged fish used to estimate
populations
Examples of marking methods:
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• External tags
• Fin clips
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• Branding
Purpose of Aquaculture
Research
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Many Scientists are increasingly using fish as
laboratory animals
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• Fish may be good models
• Fast regeneration times
Ex:
• Japanese medaka
• Zebrafish
• KIllifish,
• Goldfish