Transcript Aquaculture Systems

21st Century Aquaculture
from empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology
Patrick Sorgeloos
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
ARC alumni - September 17, 2009
FISH: source of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, ...
• Oceans are deserts
• 60% of fishery resources over-fished or at risk !
from FAO
Fertilising and feeding carp ponds in China
polyculture
chicken / fish farming
polyculture
aqua / agriculture
Predictable availability of fry,
fingerlings, postlarvae, seed, spores, ...
Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions
wild
broodstock
spawners
wild
eggs
sperm
embryos
wild
wild
larvae
fry
postlarvae
seed
stocking
ongrowing
market
market
Asia, esp. China – long history
large production
FOOD aquaculture
Recent developments successful new industry
BUSINESS aquaculture
biology
technology
profitability
BUSINESS aquaculture
Aquaculture Systems: cages
Aquaculture Systems: ponds
Courtesy Nutreco
Photo Azim
Photo Schneider
Courtesy Harache
Aquaculture Systems: tanks
Courtesy Harache
Aquaculture Systems: indoor systems
Photo Schneider
Photo Schrama
Photo Eding
Photo Schneider
World salmon production per country
others
Thousand tonnes
Japan
1400
Australia
1200
USA
Ireland
1000
Faeroe Islands
800
Canada
Scotland
600
Chile
400
Norway
200
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
from FAO
Pangasius catfish in Vietnam
> 1,000,000 tons/year
Pangasius farming in Vietnam
surface area
production yield
Taiwan
Ecuador
Pond farming of Penaeid shrimp
annual production yiels
600
500
Annual yield（10 3 ton）
500
380
400
340
286
300
232
172
200
100
41.5
17.5 31.2
60
80
100
0
Chinese mitten crab
Eriocheir sinensis
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005
Year
Scallop farming
Mussel farming
Red and brown
algae farming in China
fish 30 mT (55% in value)
crustaceans 4 mT (20% in value)
molluscs 14 mT (15 % in value)
seaweeds 14 mT (10% in value)
aquaculture production by species & environment
Marine
Freshwater
31.2 Mt
27.8 Mt
Brackish
3.8Mt
Aquatic plants
from FAO
Crustaceans
Fish
Other
Molluscs
Global Aquatic Production
million metric
tons
160
Total
140
120
100
Fisheries
80
60
Aquaculture
40
20
9.7
%
0
80
85
Human Consumption of Fish:
1990: 13 kg / person
2000: >16 kg / person
90
year
95
2000
34.1% or
42.8 million ton
in 2001
48 % in 2005 or >60 million ton
FAO, 2009
from FAO
Trade flows of aquatic products into Europe
in US$ millions, c.i.f.; averages for 2004–06
Europe imports >60 % of its aquatic foodstuffs
from FAO
“Aquaculture is probably the
fastest growing foodproducing sector, and
currently accounts for almost
50% of the world’s food fish
and is perceived as having
the greatest potential to
meet the growing demand for
aquatic food.”
“Given the projected population
growth over the next two decades,
it is estimated that by 2030 at
least an additional 40 million
tons/year of aquatic food will be
required to maintain the current
per caput consumption.”
stagnant
capture
fisheries
INCREASED
MARKET
DEMAND
environmental problems?
human health risks?
sustainable?
more responsible farming !
INCREASED
aquaculture
production
Priorities for future aquaculture:
from
empiricial farming
towards
a
knowledge-based bio-industry
Aquaculture:
the blue biotechnology of the future ?
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
better targeted selection of species for either mass
production or for niche markets
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Species selection, biodiversity issues, market demands, etc.
herbivorous species diversification
highly recommended
! market demands ?
! health risks ?
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
better targeted selection of species for either mass
production or for niche markets
•
• complete independence from natural stocks through
domestication
•
•
•
•
•
Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions
broodstock
spawners
wild
eggs
sperm
embryos
wild
wild
larvae
fry
postlarvae
seed
hatchery
wild
- algae
- rotifers
- artemia
stocking
ongrowing
market
extensive
intensive
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche
markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
•development of more efficient stocks through selective
breeding
•
wild stock
domesticated
stock
genetic
improvement
breeding program
genetic
variation
•
•
•
•
•
•
disease resistance
growth rate
size / quality
feed conversion
fecundity
ease of domestication
breeding
objectives
Marine fish larviculture in the Mediterranean
•
•
•
•
annual production of 1 billion fry
production cost 15 Euro cents a piece
average survival 20 % by day 60
low survival = critical bottleneck for future cost
efficiency and sustainability of the industry
• microbial interference considered to be the main
culprit
• no selected breeds available yet
Predictable & cost-effective availability
of high-quality fry, fingerlings,
postlarvae, seed, spores, ...
disease free
certified seed
disease resistant
Larviculture research
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Turbot
Penaeid shrimp
Sea bass
Oyster veliger
Mud crab : Scylla spp.
The magic of the green-water technique
microbial control
water quality conditioning
Need for innovative microbial management systems
Micro Algae
Feeds/Feeds
Quorum sensing
compounds
analysis
Pathogenic
bacteria
Probiotic bacteria
Heat-shock proteins
Immunostimulants
Antimicrobial
Peptides
Gnotobiotic
modeltest
Artemia
Artemia
systems
system
system
Performance
Qual/Quant
Quantitative
analysis
analysis
of of
the
thebacterial
bacterial
composition
community
Host gene
expression
analysis
Marker
genes
Biochemical
analysis
e.g. antimicrobial substances
Fish and shellfish
larvae validation
How to study host-microbial interactions?
host
simplification
MC
host
environment
reality?
complex
known
microorganisms
gnotobiotic
Gnotobiotic sea bass test system
to study host-microbial interactions
s
urvival (%)
Effect of light stress on survival of xenic sea bass larvae
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
dark
axenic
light
dark
xenic
light
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
time (day)
Axenic sea bass larvae are not sensitive to light stress
UGent Aquaculture R&D Consortium
(partners in the study of microbial management systems)
Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
Animal Production - P. Sorgeloos en P. Bossier
Biochemical and Microbial Technology – W. Verstraete and N. Boon
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Morphology – W. Van den Broeck
Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases – A. Decostere
Virology, Parasitology and Immunology – H. Nauwynck
Faculty of Sciences
Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology – P. Vandamme and P. De Vos
Biology – D. Adriaens and W. Vijverman
Molecular Genetics – D. Inzé, Frank Van Breusegem
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for
niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
•
•
•
70 % of all farmed fish are produced in ponds
Bio flocs
What is the role
of the microflora ?
Recent documentation:
30 % N contribution from bio flocs !
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for
niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and
invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease
prevention and/or control
•
•
•
•
environment
DISEASE
TREATMENT
(antibiotics)
consumer
DISEASE PREVENTION
DISEASE
CONTROL
preventive measures
GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
° water quality
° aeration
° seed
° stress
° feeds
° effluent treatment
SINGLE AND DUAL EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF
SPECIFIC PATHOGEN-FREE Litopenaeus vannamei
SHRIMP WITH WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS
AND VIBRIO SPECIES
PhD Le Hong Phuoc
Vibrios
Unstressed
shrimp
Vibrios

No mortality
Stressed
shrimp
Mortality
Role of stress factors
Vibrios
Non-compromised
shrimp
Vibrios

No mortality
WSSV-compromised
shrimp
Mortality
Role of other pathogens
Polymicrobial diseases in the field
Conclusions & Recommendations for Shrimp Farms
• use SPF strains (also in research)
• apply strict biosecurity
• control vibriosis
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for
niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and
invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention
and/or control
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with
fisheries management
•
RESTOCKING
• juvenile fitness
• releasing strategies
• impact on wild stocks
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche
markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries
management
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to
develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms,
integrating different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and
seaweeds) and maximizing nutrient recycling
•
FOOD aquaculture
BUSINESS aquaculture
EXTRACTIVE aquaculture
nutrient recycling
FED aquaculture
FOOD aquaculture
BUSINESS aquaculture
polyculture
intensify
Integrated farming of marine fish (cage),
seaweeds and molluscs (longlines
& lantern nets)
> 5 km
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial
towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche
markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries
management
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to
develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms, integrating
different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and seaweeds) and maximizing
nutrient recycling
• full independence from fisheries stocks for lipid and protein ingredients
in aquatic feeds
The fish meal / fish oil contradiction
ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN / LIPID SOURCES
 plant protein
 soybean
 corn gluten
 wheat
 oats
 barley
 rendered products human health concern?
 meat, bone & blood meal
 poultry by-products meal
 single-cell protein /oil
 recovery protein /oil
 seafood processing
 fisheries by-catch
disease risks?
SUBSTITUTION / SUPPLEMENTATION
 essential amino acids
 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
 microbial products
genetically-engineered ?
antibiotics
pesticides
quality
concerns
Meer omega-3 in dieet = meer vis
omega-3 FA
(EPA&DHA)
Positive
to health
Fish
consumption
Nutritionaltoxicological
conflict
contaminants
Negative
to health
Mercury
PCBs
Dioxins
Risico met visserij NIET met aquacultuur
China AquaFishNet
China Society
of Fisheries
ViFINET
NACA
Asian
Fisheries
Society
• FAO/NACA Aquaculture certification
• facilitated contacts between the FAO/NACA initiative and
GAA, EUREPGAP, Thai Marine Shrimp Association…
• Thailand Department of Fisheries & Thai Frozen Foods Association
• offered networking services and contacts
for info session on Thai quality assurance
programs at Seafood Brussels 2007 and 2008
• Pangasius farming in Vietnam – export to Europe
• facilitated contacts between NACA, WWF Vietnam’s PAD,
Research Institute of Aquaculture nr 2, Can Tho University and
Marine Harvest Pieters
IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
• what is VIFINET
• Vietnamese Fisheries and Aquaculture Institutes Network
• establishment in 2005 facilitated by major ASEM
Aquaculture Platform members (Ghent, Wageningen &
Trondheim Universities)
• unites 4 universities and 4 research institutes
CHINA
Hanoi
•Haiphong
LAOS
• objective
• to promote collaboration among aquaculture education
and research institutions in Vietnam
•
Hue
CAMBODIA
• activities related to VIFINET
• Best Management Practice in shrimp culture
Nha Trang
•
• Training Facility project (Belgian Embassy funding)
Ho Chi Minh City
• WAS Asian-Pacific Chapter conference ’07 in Hanoi
•
• Pangasius Aquaculture Dialogue (PAD) by WWF & NACA
Can Tho
IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
• what is China AquaFishNet
• consortium of leading 5 Chinese universities and 5 research institutes
• establishment facilitated by major ASEM Aquaculture Platform
members (Ghent, Wageningen & Trondheim Universities)
• objective
• to promote collaboration
among aquaculture education
and research institutions in China
• planned activities
• exchange of students and staff between the China and Europe
(practical training and/or course modules)
• develop a priority list of joint research topics (→ joint FP7 projects)
• make bilateral agreements for PhD study collaboration
•…
75% = water
Training & extension
Mozambique, VAIS
Kenya, VLIR EI
Crater Lakes in W-Uganda
salt (extraction) lakes
freshwater lakes
www.aquaculture.ugent.be