Transcript Week 2 - Cloudfront.net

Week 2
• Chapters 52-55
Dispatch
1) In what ways can 2 different
species interact?
2) In what biome would you find the
tree Wendy and Valerie are next
to? How do you know?
3) How many assignments are in Ms.
Morris’ gradebook? Do you think
you have them all?
4) Get ready for entrance quiz
ANNOUNCEMENTS
-Bring composition books tomorrow
-Week 1 PPT is now on my Lawndale Teacher Page
-Take out Chapters 52-54 notes
Shout-outs:
No missing assignments
•
•
•
•
•
•
Elizabeth
Calvin
Genesis
Nancy
Jade
Jessica
Please don’t fall behind!
Get me the missing assignments this week
Make observations and come up
with explanation
Results
• When grown alone, both species displayed logistic
growth and reached carry capacity (64 for P. caudatum;
105 for P. aurelia).
In mixed culture, two important events observed:
1. neither grew to size observed when grown alone (effect
of competition).
2. P. caudatum was driven to extinction = competitive
exclusion -- after extinction of P. caudatum, P. aurelia
grew to its carrying capacity.
Competition: a closer look
• Interference~ actual fighting over
resources
• Exploitative~ consumption or use
of similar resources
• Competitive Exclusion
Principle (Lotka / Volterra)~ 2
species with similar needs for the same
limiting resources cannot coexist in the
same place Gause experiment
√
with Parameciums.
• 2 species competiting for the
same resource; one will die
•
•
•
•
d= is basically shorthand for "the change in“
N = total number of organisms making up the population
t = time
rmax=the maximal growth rate in the absence of density effects,
namely at low population sizes.
• K=carrying capacity
The change in number of organisms over…
Density growth and equation
breakdown
• http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ec/movies/
SWF/t2_a1.swf
Predation defense
• Cryptic (camouflage) coloration
• Aposematic (warning)
coloration
• Mimicry~ superficial resemblance to
another species
√ Batesian~ palatable/
harmless species mimics an
unpalatable/ harmful model
• √ Mullerian~ 2 or more
unpalatable, aposematically
colored species resemble
each other
Competition Adaptations
• Resource partitioning~
sympatric species consume slightly
different foods or use other
resources in slightly different ways
• Character
displacement~ sympatric
species tend to diverge in those
characteristics that overlap
Ex: Anolis lizard sp. perching sites in the
Dominican Republic. All species eat insects
Ex: Darwin’s finch beak size on the
Galapagos Islands. A body part has
mutated over time so that species can eat
but they have a different perch site.
a different size seed
The Niche
• Ecological niche~ the sum total
of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic
resources in its environment; its
“ecological role”
√ fundamental~ the set of
resources a population is theoretically
capable of using under ideal conditions
√ realized~ the resources a
population actually uses
• Thus, 2 species cannot coexist
in a community if their niches
are identical
Ex: Barnacle sp. on the coast of Scotland
Close notes and teach
• Each member teachs 5 main points from
today’s lecture
Activity: Deer graph
Dispatch
1) How can species use the same
resources without ever seeing each
other?
2) Using a book, compare and contrast
primary and secondary session
Pick up a succession paper
Retakes available during office hours
Ms. Morris’ Office Hours
•
•
•
•
•
Mondays--Nutrition
Tuesdays—After School
Wednesdays—Nutrition and lunch
Thursdays--Nutrition
Fridays--Nutrition
Succession
Mt. St. Helens
BEFORE 1980
• Ecological succession~
transition in species composition over
ecological time
• Primary~ begun in lifeless area;
no soil, perhaps volcanic activity or
retreating glacier
• Secondary~ an existing
community has been cleared by some
disturbance that leaves the soil intact
Mt. St. Helens
AFTER ERUPTION
in1980
Glacier Succession Animation
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewir
e/content/chp55/55020.html
Ecosystems and Physical Laws
• Energy is conserved
– But degraded to heat during
ecosystem processes
– Nutrients are recycled
ACTIVITY
• Why aren’t there 20 links in a food chain?
• Demonstrate the flow of energy between
links in the food chain
Dispatch
1) What is the format of the Ecology test on
Friday?
2) How will you study for the test?
3) Give 5 things you know about ENERGY.
4) Interpret diagram below.
If you finish before timer go to the whiteboard and look at the AP plaque
Production Efficiency
• When a caterpillar feeds on a plant leaf
– Only about one-sixth of the energy in the leaf
is used for secondary production
Plant material
eaten by caterpillar
200 J
Feces 100 J
Figure 54.10
67 J
33 J
Growth (new biomass)
Cellular
respiration
• Energy flows through an ecosystem
– Entering as light and exiting as heat
Tertiary
consumers
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores
Detritus
Secondary
consumers
Primary consumers
Primary producers
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Figure 54.2
Sun
Pyramids of Production
• This loss of energy with each transfer in a food
chain
– Can be represented by a pyramid of net production
Tertiary
consumers
Secondary
consumers
Primary
consumers
Primary
producers
Figure 54.11
10 J
100 J
1,000 J
10,000 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
• Worldwide agriculture could successfully
feed many more people
– If humans all fed more efficiently, eating only
plant material
Trophic level
Secondary
consumers
Primary
consumers
Primary
producers
Figure 54.14
Where will the oxygen be
highest? Why?
Dissolved Oxygen Lab
Water Quality: DO2
Factors
that
INCREASE
O2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Gross and Net Primary Production
• Total primary production in an ecosystem
– Is known as that ecosystem’s gross primary production
(GPP)
• Not all of this production
– Is stored as organic material in the growing plants
• Net primary production (NPP)
– Is equal to GPP minus the energy used by the primary
producers for respiration
• Only NPP
– Is available to consumers
Equation
•NPP=GPP-R
• Write this in words
DESIGN A LAB TO MEASURE NPP
Hint: How does cellular respiration affect
O2?
The Global Energy Budget
• The amount of solar radiation reaching the
surface of the Earth
– Limits the photosynthetic output of
ecosystems
• Only a small fraction of solar energy
– Actually strikes photosynthetic organisms
• Different ecosystems vary considerably in
their net primary production
– And in their contribution to the total NPP on
Earth
Open ocean
Continental shelf
Estuary
125
360
65.0
5.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
Algal beds and reefs
Upwelling zones
Extreme desert, rock, sand, ice
4.7
Desert and semidesert scrub
Tropical rain forest
3.5
3.3
2.9
2.7
Savanna
Cultivated land
Boreal forest (taiga)
Tundra
2,500
0.04
0.9
2,200
10
900
7.9
9.1
9.6
800
600
700
5.4
3.5
0.6
140
1,600
Terrestrial
Freshwater (on continents)
7.1
1,200
1,300
4.9
3.8
2.3
0.3
2,000
250
20
30
40
50
60
0
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Key
Marine
22
600
0.4
0
0.9
0.1
3.0
90
1.5
1.3
1.0
0.4
Temperate evergreen forest
Swamp and marsh
Lake and stream
1.2
500
1.7
1.6
Tropical seasonal forest
Temperate deciduous forest
5.6
1,500
2.4
1.8
Temperate grassland
Woodland and shrubland
24.4
(a) Percentage of Earth’s
surface area
(b) Average net primary
production (g/m2/yr)
Figure 54.4a–c
0
5
10
15
20
Percentage of Earth’s net
primary production
(c)
25
• Overall, terrestrial ecosystems
– Contribute about two-thirds of global NPP
and marine ecosystems about one-third
North Pole
60N
30N
Equator
30S
60S
South Pole
180
Figure 54.5
120W
60W
0
60E
120E
180
Write your background for Lab 12
part b
How do we measure cellular
respiration?
Background, Hypothesis, Materials,
Procedures—Lab
12 Part B
1)
Put same amount of algae in both vials.
2)
3)
4)
5)
Take DO readings
Cover 1 vial, leave 1 uncovered
Put both in sun for 2 hours
Take DO readings
Post Quiz
A student went to Wilderness
Park and 1 location tested
DO 2 and the other location
tested DO 9. Explain results