Transcript Glucose - Mater Academy Lakes High School

The Digestive
System
Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Anus
Parotid gland
Sublingual gland
Submandibular
gland
Salivary
glands
Pharynx
Stomach
Pancreas
(Spleen)
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Vermiform appendix
Anal canal
Large
intestine
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Mesentery
Intrinsic nerve plexuses
• Myenteric nerve plexus
• Submucosal nerve plexus
Glands in submucosa
Mucosa
• Epithelium
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis
mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis
externa
• Longitudinal
muscle
• Circular muscle
Serosa
• Epithelium
• Connective
tissue
Lumen
Gland in mucosa
Lymphatic
Mucosa-associated
Duct of gland outside
vessel
lymphoid tissue
alimentary canal
From
mouth
(a) Peristalsis: Adjacent segments of
alimentary tract organs alternately contract
and relax, which moves food along the tract
distally.
(b) Segmentation: Nonadjacent segments
of alimentary tract organs alternately
contract and relax, moving the food
forward then backward. Food mixing and
slow food propulsion occurs.
Soft palate
Palatoglossal arch
Hard palate
Uvula
Oral cavity
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Sagittal section of the oral cavity and pharynx
Crown
Neck
Enamel
Dentin
Dentinal tubules
Pulp cavity (contains
blood vessels and
nerves)
Gingiva (gum)
Cementum
Root
Root canal
Periodontal
ligament
Apical foramen
Bone
Gingivae (gums)
Palatine raphe
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Upper lip
Superior labial
frenulum
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal
arch
Posterior wall
of oropharynx
Tongue
Sublingual fold
with openings of
sublingual ducts
Vestibule
Lower lip
Lingual frenulum
Opening of
submandibular duct
Gingivae (gums)
Inferior labial
frenulum
Bolus of food
Tongue
Uvula
Pharynx
Bolus
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
Glottis
Trachea
Bolus
Esophagus
1 Upper esophageal sphincter is
contracted. During the buccal phase, the
tongue presses against the hard palate,
forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx
where the involuntary phase begins.
Relaxed muscles
2 The uvula and larynx rise to prevent food
from entering respiratory passageways. The
tongue blocks off the mouth. The upper
esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing food
to enter the esophagus.
4 Food is moved
through the esophagus
to the stomach by
peristalsis.
Circular muscles
contract
Bolus of food
3 The constrictor muscles of the
pharynx contract, forcing food
into the esophagus inferiorly. The
upper esophageal sphincter
contracts (closes) after entry.
Relaxed
muscles
5 The gastroesophageal
sphincter opens, and food
enters the stomach.
Longitudinal muscles
contract
Gastroesophageal
sphincter closed
Gastroesophageal
sphincter opens
Stomach
Bolus of food
Tongue
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Trachea
1 Upper esophageal sphincter is contracted. During
the buccal phase, the tongue presses against the hard
palate, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx
where the involuntary phase begins.
Uvula
Bolus
Epiglottis
Esophagus
2 The uvula and larynx rise to prevent food from
entering respiratory passageways. The tongue blocks
off the mouth. The upper esophageal sphincter
relaxes, allowing food to enter the esophagus.
Bolus
3 The constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract,
forcing food into the esophagus inferiorly. The upper
esophageal sphincter contracts (closes) after entry.
Relaxed muscles
Circular muscles
contract
4 Food is moved through
the esophagus to the
stomach by peristalsis.
Bolus of food
Longitudinal muscles
contract
Gastroesophageal
sphincter closed
Stomach
Relaxed
muscles
5 The gastroesophageal
sphincter opens, and food
enters the stomach.
Gastroesophageal
sphincter opens
Cardia
Fundus
Esophagus
Muscularis externa
• Longitudinal layer
• Circular layer
• Oblique layer
Lesser
curvature
Serosa
Body
Lumen
Rugae of
mucosa
Greater
curvature
Duodenum
Pyloric
Pyloric
canal
antrum
Pyloric sphincter
(valve) at pylorus
Liver
Gallbladder
Lesser omentum
Stomach
Duodenum
Transverse colon
Small intestine
Cecum
Urinary bladder
Interlobular veins
(to hepatic vein)
Central vein
Sinusoids
Bile canaliculi
Plates of
hepatocytes
Bile duct (receives
bile from bile
canaliculi)
Fenestrated
lining (endothelial
cells) of sinusoids
Portal vein
Hepatic
macrophages
in sinusoid walls
Bile duct
Portal venule
Portal arteriole
Portal triad
(c)
Figure 23.25c
Right and left
hepatic ducts
of liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Mucosa
with folds
Gallbladder
Major duodenal
papilla
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla and sphincter
Tail of pancreas
Pancreas
Jejunum
Duodenum
Main pancreatic duct
and sphincter
Head of pancreas
Left colic
(splenic) flexure
Right colic
(hepatic)
flexure
Transverse
mesocolon
Transverse
colon
Epiploic
appendages
Superior
mesenteric
artery
Descending
colon
Haustrum
Ascending
colon
Cut edge of
mesentery
IIeum
Teniae coli
IIeocecal
valve
Sigmoid
colon
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Rectum
Anal canal
External anal sphincter
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Electron transport chain
and oxidative
phosphorylation
Carbon atom
Phosphate
Glucose
Phase 1
Sugar
Activation
Glucose is
activated by
2 ADP
phosphorylation
and converted
to fructose-1,
Fructose-1,66-bisphosphate
bisphosphate
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Electron transport chain
and oxidative
phosphorylation
Carbon atom
Phosphate
Fructose-1,6bisphosphate
Phase 2
Sugar
Cleavage
Fructose-1,
6-bisphosphate
is cleaved into
two 3-carbon Dihydroxyacetone
fragments
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Electron transport chain
and oxidative
phosphorylation
Carbon atom
Phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Phase 3
Sugar oxidation
and formation
2 NAD+
of ATP
4 ADP
The 3-carbon fragments are oxidized
2 NADH+H+
(by removal of
hydrogen) and 4 ATP
molecules are formed
2 Pyruvic acid
2 NADH+H+
2 NAD+
2 Lactic acid
To Krebs
cycle
(aerobic
pathway)
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Electron transport chain
and oxidative
phosphorylation
Cytosol
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis
Transitional
phase
Carbon atom
Inorganic phosphate
Coenzyme A
Mitochondrion
(matrix)
NAD+
CO2
NADH+H+
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic acid
NADH+H+
(pickup molecule)
Citric acid
(initial reactant)
NAD+
Malic acid
Isocitric acid
NAD+
Krebs cycle
CO2
NADH+H+
-Ketoglutaric acid
Fumaric acid
CO2
FADH2
Succinic acid
FAD
GTP
ADP
Succinyl-CoA
GDP +
NAD+
NADH+H+
Chemical energy (high-energy electrons)
Chemical energy
Glycolysis
Glucose
Cytosol
Krebs
cycle
Pyruvic
acid
Mitochondrial
cristae
Via substrate-level
phosphorylation
1 During glycolysis,
each glucose
molecule is broken
down into two
molecules of pyruvic
acid in the cytosol.
Electron transport
chain and oxidative
phosphorylation
Mitochondrion
2 The pyruvic acid then enters
the mitochondrial matrix, where
the Krebs cycle decomposes it
to CO2. During glycolysis and
the Krebs cycle, small amounts
of ATP are formed by substratelevel phosphorylation.
Via oxidative
phosphorylation
3 Energy-rich electrons picked up by
coenzymes are transferred to the electron transport chain, built into the cristae
membrane. The electron transport chain
carries out oxidative phosphorylation,
which accounts for most of the ATP
generated by cellular respiration.
Lipids
Lipase
Glycerol
Fatty acids
H2O
Glyceraldehyde
phosphate
(a glycolysis intermediate)
b Oxidation
in the mitochondria
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA
Krebs
cycle
Coenzyme A
NAD+
NADH + H+
FAD
FADH2
Cleavage
enzyme
snips off
2C fragments
Glycolysis
Glucose
Stored fats
in adipose
tissue
Dietary fats
Glycerol
Triglycerides
(neutral fats)
Lipogenesis
Fatty acids
Ketone
bodies
Ketogenesis (in liver)
Glyceraldehyde
phosphate
Pyruvic acid
Certain
amino
acids
Acetyl CoA
CO2 + H2O
+
Steroids
Bile salts
Catabolic reactions
Anabolic reactions
Cholesterol
Krebs
cycle
Electron
transport
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Glycogen
Triglycerides (neutral fats)
Glucose
Amino acids
Glucose-6-phosphate
Keto acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Glyceraldehyde phosphate
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
NH3
Acetyl CoA
Ketone
bodies
Urea
Excreted
in urine
Krebs
cycle
Food Pyramid