Transcript Digestion PowerPoint - Davis School District

The Digestive System
Maintenance Systems
Unit 5
The Basic Functions of the Digestive System
• Ingestion-taking nutrients into the body, i.e.,
eating
• Digestion-the mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food into a usable form
• Absorption-the movement of molecules
through the mucosal lining of the stomach
and small intestine, and into the blood
• Excretion-the removal of solid waste from the
body
The Digestive Organs
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Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Rectum
Anus
Mouth
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Ingestion- eating
Mechanical digestion
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Teeth
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Mastication-chewing
Chemical digestion
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Salivary glands- secrete salivary amylase
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digestion of carbohydrates begins
Mechanical +Chemical digestion
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Softens food and creates a bolus
Teeth (accessory organ)
• Four types of teeth
– Incisors- front 4 top and bottom
– Cuspids- also known as canines for their pointed shape
– Bicuspids- also known as premolars and have a flattened
crown
– Molars- back teeth for crushing and grinding food
• “typical” tooth parts
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Crown/neck/root- from top to bottom
Enamel/dentin/pulp- from outside in
Gingiva- gums
Peridontal ligament/cementum- hold teeth
to jaw
Pharynx (throat)
• Deglutition- swallowing
• A passageway for food, liquids, and air
Esophagus
• Muscular tube located behind the trachea
• About 10 inches long
• Peristalsis- wave-like contractions
– Transports bolus from the pharynx to the
stomach
Stomach
• J-shaped pouch located below the
diaphragm
– Fundus
– Rugue
– Sphincter
• Mechanical digestion
– maceration (churning)
• Chemical digestion
– gastric juice secretion
• Hydrochloric acid- breaks down bolus into
chyme
• Pepsin- breaks down protein
Small Intestines
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Mechanical digestion
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Peristalsis continues
Absorption of nutrients is highly active
Chemical digestion
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Bile- made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder;
emulsifies fat
Trypsin- made in pancreas to break down protein
Amylase- made in pancreas to break down carbohydrates
Lipase- made in pancreas to break down fats
Three divisions of the small intestines:
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Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine where the
majority of chemical digestion occurs.
Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine where the
majority of absorption of nutrients occurs.
Ileum – final portion of where absorption occurs.
Large Intestines
• Also called the colon
– Cecum
– Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon
– Rectum
– Anus
• Mechanical digestion
– Haustral churning
– Absorption- water, vitamins, electrolytes,
production of vitamin K; changes chyme to
feces
Rectum
• The last portion of the large intestine
which functions as a temporary storage
of solid wastes before excretion
Anus
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The final portion of the rectum
Mechanical digestion
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Defecation- excretion of feces through anal
sphincter (anus)
Diseases and Disorders of the
Digestive System
Colon Cancer
• Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed
to have developed from polyps (benign tumors).
• Cancer of the colon and rectum, also called colorectal
cancer can invade and damage adjacent tissues and
organs.
• Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of
breath, change in bowel habits including diarrhea or
constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss,
abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating.
• Surgery is the most common treatment for colon
cancer.
Chron’s Disease
• Chron’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes
inflammation of the digestive tract.
• The disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from
the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects
the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum.
• The swelling extends deep into the lining of the
affected organ.
• The swelling can cause pain and can make the
intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea.
• Chron’s disease may be caused by an abnormally
functioning immune system.
• Treatment includes prescription medications,
nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of
these.
• There is no cure.
Celiac Disease
• Celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the
small intestine and interferes with absorption of
nutrients from food.
• People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a
protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley.
• When people with celiac disease eat foods or use
products that contain gluten, their immune system
responds by damaging the small intestine.
• Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is
genetic.
• The most common symptoms include pain in the
digestive system or other parts of the body.
• The only know treatment is a gluten-free diet.
Appendicitis
• Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, is
the most common surgical disease.
• It results from the obstruction of the opening
to the appendix by a mass, stricture or
infection.
• Symptoms of appendicitis include generalized
abdominal pain, pain localized in the lower
right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, possibly
fever, and an elevated white blood cell count.
• Treatment involves the removal of the
appendix and antibiotics.
Inguinal Hernia
• Inguinal hernias occur when a part of the
intestine protrudes through a weak point or
tear in the abdominal wall.
• This protrusion creates a bulge which can be
painful.
• Some inguinal hernias occur at birth when the
abdominal lining does not close properly.
• Other inguinal hernias occur later in life when
muscles weaken or deteriorate.
• The most common treatment is surgery.
Careers
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Dentist
Dental Assistant
Dental Hygienist
Dietitian
Central Service Technician
DENTIST
• Diagnose, prevent, and treat problems with teeth or mouth
tissue.
• Remove decay, fill cavities, examine x-rays
• Extract teeth and make models and measurements for
dentures to replace missing teeth.
• Administer anesthetics and write prescriptions for
antibiotics and other medications
• 2-4 years of pre-req (Bachelors degree) + 4 years of
dental school and 2 year internship, pass licensing
boards
• 9 specialty areas to pursue after (orthodontics,
surgery, periodontist…) 2-4 + years of school and
post residency
• Salary: $95,000-160,000
DENTAL HYGIENTIST
• Remove soft and hard deposits from teeth
• Teach patients how to practice good oral hygiene
• Take and develop dental x-rays; and apply cavitypreventive agents such as fluorides and pit and
fissure sealants
• Hygienists sometimes work chair-side with the
dentist during treatment
• Associate degree, can go on and get
Bachelors and Masters degree, licensure
is required
• $45,000-70,000
DENTAL ASSISTANT
• Make patients as comfortable as possible in the
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dental chair, prepare them for treatment, and obtain
their dental records.
Hand instruments and materials to dentists and keep
patients’ mouths dry and clear by using suction or
other devices.
Assistants also sterilize and disinfect instruments
and equipment
On the job training, can obtain dental assistant
certificate through 1 year program at ATCs
$22,000-35,000/year
DIETITIAN
• Plan food and nutrition programs and supervise the
preparation and serving of meals
• Help to prevent and treat illnesses by promoting
healthy eating habits and recommending dietary
modifications
• Dietitians manage food service systems for
institutions such as hospitals and schools
• Work in hospitals, private settings, universities,
research labs, long term care facilities, private
consultants
• Bachelors degree in Dietetics or Food and Nutritionlicensure required
• $40,000-60,000
CENTRAL SERVICES TECHNITICIAN
• Responsible for the procurement of surgical
supplies and equipment
• Responsible for contaminating, cleaning,
processing, assembling, sterilizing, storing and
distributing the medical devices and supplies needed
in patient care, especially during surgery
• On the job training is an option, but obtaining a
certificate as a Central Services Technician
preferred- 8 week program
• Work primarily in hospitals
• $25,000-35,000
Word Parts- roots
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Col/o- colon
Cheil/o- lip
Gastr/o- stomach
Gingiv/o- gum
Stomat/o- mouth
Hepat/o- liver
Cholecyst/o- gallbladder
Proct/o- rectum
Word Parts/Abbreviations
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-ia – condition
-itis –inflammation
GI- Gastrointestinal
IV- intravenous
Tx- treatment
Dx- diagnosis
Vocabulary
• Absorption- uptake through a membrane or
tissue
• Bolus- semi-solid food lump
• Chyme- liquefied food mixed with enzymes
• Defecation- evacuation of fecal matter
• Deglutition- swallowing
• Digestion- process of breaking down food into
a usable form
• Emulsification- breakdown of large lipid
molecules into smaller ones
Vocabulary
• Excretion- evacuation of fecal matter
• Feces- undigested waste products
• Haustral churning- muscular contraction
pushing matter into next pouch
• Ingestion- eating, taking in food
• Maceration- churning within the
stomach to soak bolus in enzymes
• Mastication- chewing
• Peristalsis- wave-like motion