Transcript Digestion - Brookville Local Schools

The Digestive System
Related Medical Terminology
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GI – Gastro-intestinal
Colo- Colon
Cheilo – lips
Gastro – stomach
Gingivo – gums
-ia – condition
Stomato – mouth
Hepato – liver
Procto – rectum
- ‘itis – inflammation
The Basic Functions of the Digestive System
• Ingestion-taking nutrients into the body, i.e.,
eating
• Digestion-the mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food into a usable form
• Absorption-the movement of molecules
through the mucosal lining of the stomach
and small intestine, and into the blood
• Excretion-the removal of solid waste from the
body
• Sphincters-circular muscles that contract and
move food through the GI tract.
The Digestive Organs
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Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines – 3
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• Large Intestines – 4
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
• Rectum
• Anus
Class Activity
Travel Brochure
• Divide into groups of three or four students. Assign
each group a "location" of the digestive system. For
example, one group has "stomach," while another has
"small intestine." Each group will design a travel
brochure for their "location." Include pertinent
information, such as the overall appearance of the
location, the activities that occur there and the imports
(what comes in) and exports (what goes out). Include
possible dangers or complications that can occur at
your specific location. Be creative with your
descriptions and have fun with the explanations.
Mouth
Digestion starts here!!!
• Mechanical digestion-chewing or
“mastication”
• Chemical digestion-digestion of
carbohydrates
Pharynx
• Also called the throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
• A passageway for food, liquids, and air
Esophagus
• Muscular tube located behind the trachea
• About 10 inches long
• Transports food from the pharynx to the
stomach
• Upper and Lower esophageal sphincters
Stomach
• J-shaped pouch located below the
diaphragm
• Chemical digestion of protein occurs in
the stomach due to gastric juice secretion
• Mechanical digestion occurs in the
stomach due to maceration (churning).
Three layers of muscles in the stomach
create the movement of maceration.
Small Intestines
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Chemical digestion of nutrients and
absorption of nutrients is completed in the
small intestines (ave. 22.5 feet in adults)
Three divisions of the small intestines:
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Duodenum – first portion (10-15”) where the
majority of chemical digestion occurs (Brunner’s
Glands- mucus/enzymes)
Jejunum – middle portion (8’) where the majority
of absorption of nutrients occurs.
Ileum – final portion (12’) where absorption
occurs.
Large Intestines
• The large intestines are the last part of
the digestive system.
• Absorption of water, vitamins,
electrolytes, production of vitamin K,
and formation of feces occurs in the
large intestines
• Ascending, Transverse, Descending,
Sigmoid colons
Rectum
• The last portion of the large intestine
which functions as a temporary storage
of solid wastes before excretion
Anus
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The final portion of the rectum where
solid waste is excreted from the body
Diseases and Disorders of the
Digestive System
Colon Cancer
• Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed
to have developed from polyps (benign tumors).
• Cancer of the colon and rectum, also called colorectal
cancer can invade and damage adjacent tissues and
organs.
• Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of
breath, change in bowel habits including diarrhea or
constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss,
abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating.
• Surgery is the most common treatment for colon
cancer.
Chron’s Disease
• Chron’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes
inflammation of the digestive tract.
• The disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from
the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects
the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum.
• The swelling extends deep into the lining of the
affected organ.
• The swelling can cause pain and can make the
intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea.
• Chron’s disease may be caused by an abnormally
functioning immune system.
• Treatment includes prescription medications,
nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of
these.
• There is no cure.
from ehealthmd.com/chron’s disease
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Compromised nutrition, even malnutrition, is a constant threat to an individual
with Crohn's disease. This is because the disease creates a vicious cycle:
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Fever and diarrhea cause a loss of appetite.
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Fever, by raising the body's metabolic rate, adds to the need for caloric energy.
Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and temporary lactose intolerance (the inability
to digest milk sugars).
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Lactose intolerance causes milk sugars to ferment in the colon, leading to cramps
and more diarrhea.
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Lactose intolerance can also indirectly lead to calcium deficiency, which in turn
can lead to the loss of bone density called osteoporosis. This side effect can be
especially prevalent among those being treated with corticosteroids such as
prednisone.
Celiac Disease
• Celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the
small intestine and interferes with absorption of
nutrients from food.
• People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a
protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley.
• When people with celiac disease eat foods or use
products that contain gluten, their immune system
responds by damaging the small intestine.
• Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is
genetic.
• The most common symptoms include pain in the
digestive system or other parts of the body.
• The only know treatment is a gluten-free diet.
Appendicitis
• Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, is
the most common surgical disease.
• It results from the obstruction of the opening
to the appendix by a mass, structure or
infection.
• Symptoms of appendicitis include generalized
abdominal pain, pain localized in the lower
right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, possibly
fever, and an elevated white blood cell count.
• Treatment involves the removal of the
appendix and antibiotics.