Transcript Colonization

Colonization
1500 – 1763
Chapters 1-3
Today’s Conquests:
• Identify the primary nations that colonized
North America and their objectives.
• State England’s process and
chronological order of establishing
colonies.
• Explain the religious, political, economical,
and social structures in the south, north,
and middle colonies.
• Analyze differences between the three
regions.
Age of Exploration
• Impacted by the Renaissance
• Europe began exploration due to needs in trade
and new technological tools.
• In the Age of Exploration, three European
powers fought for control of North America:
– Spain
• Focused on exploitation of Indian wealth
– France
• Focused on fur trade
– England
• Late comer to the colonial game
The Main Players
• All three powers set up colonies:
– Santa Fe, 1610
– Quebec, 1608
– Jamestown, 1607
Spain
France
England
• And thus the inevitable…
• …power struggle in North America.
Elizabethan England
• Protestant Elizabeth begins
warring with Catholic Spain:
– Spanish Armada defeat in 1588
– Rule Britannia!
• Left with a sense of national
destiny
• Population looks to branch out
Why Leave England?
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7.
Population increase in
Britain
Enclosure movement
Primogeniture – first-born
sons gets everything
Religious freedom –
Puritans and separatists
Economic opportunity –
a) based on Spanish
wealth
b) Jamestown
Joint-stock companies
facilitated exploration
Dumping unwanted people
- Georgia
Jamestown Beginnings
• Virginia Company
– Charter guaranteed same rights as Englishmen.
• Landed in May 1607 – approx. 100 men
– Death was rampant
– Men would not work
• 1608 Capt. John Smith took over
– Must work to eat
– Decent relations with the Indians
• In 1609 Smith returns to England
– “Starving time” winter of 1609-1610
John Smith
Jamestown Takes Root
• In 1612 John Rolfe perfected methods for
growing tobacco.
– By 1616 tobacco was a staple export.
• Impact of tobacco on Virginia:
– Ruinous to the soil
– Enchained the fortunes of Virginia to one crop
– Demand for labor to work the plantations
• First indentured servants, then the
first Africans arrive in 1619
– Clashes with the Indians
• Anglo-Powhatan War
Self-Rule Precedent
• House of Burgesses founded in 1619
• Causes suspicion by James I
– Revokes charter and makes a royal colony
The Southern Colonies
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Plantation agriculture
Indentured and slave labor
Strong economic and social hierarchies
Widely scattered populations
Focus on profit
Poor relations with Indians
Maryland
Lord Baltimore
• The fourth colony founded (second
plantation colony)
• In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a
“Catholic Haven.”
• Large tracts of land were given to
Catholics, but Protestants were also
welcome.
• Maryland Toleration Act (1649)
decreed religious freedom for all
except Jews and atheists.
• The colony prospered thanks to
tobacco.
• Initially depended upon indentured
servants.
Carolina
• In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II
– The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the colony, but
they focused on the southern part
• In 1670 Charleston was founded
– Aristocratic flavor
• North part of Carolina had many squatters
– They were rough and rugged and defied authority
– In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the crown
and called North Carolina
• 1712 the Carolinas separated and in 1729 South
Carolina became a Royal colony
• In 1690s rice was introduced and became the staple
crop.
Georgia
• Philanthropic experiment, founded by
James Oglethorpe in 1733 – the last colony
– Said it was intended as a buffer between the
French in Louisiana and Spanish in Florida –
constant struggles.
– Was really a refuge for English debtors
• All Christians (except Catholics) enjoyed
religious freedom
– Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to
convert the Indians.
The Northern Colonies
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Shaped by religious and political turmoil
Social order based on family and towns
Minimal diversity
Mostly founded on religious devotion
Town Hall Meetings
Religious Dissention
• Some factions look to escape Henry VIII’s
Anglican Church.
– Puritans
– Separatists (are kicked out of England and
move to Holland)
• A group of Separatists negotiated with the
Virginia Company to come to the colonies
– Is that… legal?
Founding Plymouth
• 1620: Pilgrims (Separatists) founded
Plymouth off the coast of New England –
become squatters
– Agreed upon the Mayflower Compact
• Hard working and determined
• In 1691 Plymouth merged with the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Mass. Bay Colony
• In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to
settle in the New World
• Thrived on fishing, furs, and ship building
• Offers were extended to all males who were
“freemen” and who belonged to Puritan
churches
– Had to be part of the church to vote
• Strict religious beliefs keep other views out
– Quakers
– Anne Hutchinson
– Roger Williams
Rhode Island
• The land of outcasts – “Rogues Island”
• People who settled there were not necessarily
similar, just not wanted elsewhere
• It secured a charter in 1644
which:
– recognized freedom of religion
– accepted a separation of church
and state
– no taxes to support the church
– no compulsory church
attendance
Connecticut
• In 1635 Hartford was founded
by Rev. Thomas Hooker
• The settlers were Puritans
• In 1639 they drafted the
Fundamental Orders
- a modern constitution and the
first written constitution in the
colonies
Thomas Hooker
New Hampshire
• John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for
New Hampshire
• In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by
Massachusetts
• In 1679 it was separated and made a royal
colony
Middle Colonies
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Rivers helped trading
Industry grew
Moderate socially
More ethnically mixed
Cultural and religious
diversity
• Desirable land
• Smaller farms
• Better Indian relations
New York
• Dutch East India Company
hired Henry Hudson for
exploration.
– Sailed down the Hudson River
and claimed area for the Dutch
• Dutch West India Company founded New
Netherland and purchased Manhattan Island
from the Indians (trinkets)
• Strong aristocratic vibe with the help of
patroonships (purely economic interest)
• Charles II granted the area to his brother, the
Duke of York.
– Easily removed the Dutch
Pennsylvania
William Penn
• In 1681 William Penn received a
massive land grant from the king
• Sympathetic to the Quakers
• Well advertised – “forward looking
spirits & substantial citizens”
• Welcomed all people
• Treated Indians with respect
– Non-Quakers were violent
against Indians
• Grew quickly - #2 to Virginia in
wealth and population by 1700
New Jersey & Delaware
• New Jersey
– Started in 1644 by two nobles who were
granted the land from the Duke of York.
• Many moved for new soil
• Delaware
– Under the governor of Pennsylvania until the
American Revolution