Transcript Chapter Fourteen

Chapter Twenty
Navigating the Internet
Objectives
• To learn about the history of the Internet
• To examine the infrastructure of our electronic
world
• To take a look at some of the organizations that
maintain order out of mayhem
A Little History (1 of 2)
• Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider writes On-Line Man
Computer Communication and describes the “Galactic
Network.”
• Leonard Kleinrock writes Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets which leads to the development of
TCP.
• Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn present A Protocol for
Packet Network Intercommunication which describes
TCP.
A Little History (2 of 2)
• Lawrence Roberts and Leonard Kleinrock get
two unlike computers to talk over a telephone
wire on opposite sides of the continent in 1965.
• In 1969, four computers in different parts of the
country are linked to form ARPANET.
• Al Gore is still in a Government Studies program
at Harvard.
The Foundation of the Internet
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User’s PC
User’s datacom
The local loop carrier
The ISP point of
presence
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User services
ISP backbone
Online content
Origin of content
User’s PC
• The computer that initiates a request of an
Internet resource
• Must be equipped with some form of transceiver
• Must be running some form of Internet-aware file
system (browser)
• Must be configured with TCP/IP
User’s Datacom
• Data communications device
• Modem
• DSL or cable modem
Local Loop Carrier
• The circuit that brings the user request from the
datacom to the Internet service provider (ISP)
• Most usually a telephone line
• Cable modems bring it over the cable system
ISP Point of Presence
• The point where the ISP taps into the Internet
backbone
• Frequently a key source of congestion
– If an ISP has 10,000 subscribers and a 1.5MB
POP, that’s 10,000 unhappy puppies.
User Services
• Generally provided by the ISP, including:
– Domain name services
– Email hosting services
– Web hosting
– FTP services
– Newsgroup services
– Bulletin board services
The ISP Backbone
• It is a high-speed cable that transmits the blended
signals of millions of people at once.
• Major metropolitan areas will have several network
access points (NAP).
– Large ISPs who tap into the backbone
• Each major communications carrier maintains their own
backbone circuitry.
– Agreements between providers assure seamless
transmission of data.
Online Content
• These are the web servers that host different sites.
– Very large websites (large corporations, government
agencies, and such) maintain dedicated sites
– Companies with large servers offer hosting to smaller
organizations who don’t need a dedicated site
Origin of Content
• The actual web page you view
• A universal resource locater (URL)
– An address that points to each specific page on a
website
• Each URL constitutes origin of content
Administering the Internet
• Different agencies oversee different aspects
– Administration
– Engineering
– Security
• Most of these agencies under the oversight of
the Internet Society (ISOC)
Administration
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
– Doles out IP addresses and domain names
– Helped by the American Registry for Internet
Numbers (ARIN)
Engineering
• Internet Engineering Planning Group (IEPG)
– Oversees development of new segments and
manages acceptable use policies
• North American Network Operators Group
(NANOG) has primary responsibility
Security
• Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams
(FIRST)
– Monitors outbreaks of viruses
– Watches for criminal activity on the Internet